急性经口毒性试验方法研究进展

本文简述了几种急性经口毒性试验的方法以及其优缺点。由于传统的急毒试验方法像霍恩氏法、寇氏法等均需要准确测定出LD₅₀的值,导致所需要的实验动物数量较多,后经国际组织研究制定出可代替测定LD₅₀的急性经口毒性试验方法,如：上-下法、固定剂量法、急性毒性分类法等。新方法无需测定出准确LD₅₀的值,以最大限度减少实验动物的死亡率,缩减试验所需的人力物力,值得应用和推广。     

The control of paracetamol particle size and surface morphology through crystallisation in a spray dryer

The parameters governing the crystallisation of paracetamol using various conventional techniques has been extensively studied, however the factors influencing the drug crystallisation using spray drying is not as well understood. The aim of this work was to investigate the crystallisation of an active pharmaceutical ingredient through evaporative crystallisation using a spray dryer to study the physicochemical properties of the drug and to use semi-empirical equations to gain insight into the morphology and particle size of the dried powder. Paracetamol solutions were spray dried at various inlet temperatures ranging from 60 °C to 120 °C and also from a series of inlet feed solvent compositions ranging from 50/50% v/v ethanol/water to 100% ethanol and solid-state characterisation was done. The size and morphology of the dried materials were altered with a change in spray drying parameters, with an increase in inlet temperature leading to an increase in particle Sauter mean diameter (from 3.0 to 4.4 µm) and a decrease in the particle size with an increase in ethanol concentration in the feed (from 4.6 to 4.4 µm) as a result of changes in particle density and atomised droplet size. The morphology of the dried particles consisted of agglomerates of individual crystallites bound together into larger semi-spherical agglomerates with a higher tendency for particles having crystalline ridges to form at higher ethanol concentrations of the feed.     

LD27-2油田稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐中后期注采参数优化研究

蒸汽吞吐是稠油油藏开发的最有效措施之一，但是对于海上油田的特殊条件，在进行蒸汽吞吐3~4轮后，即意味着进入蒸汽吞吐中后期。此时，如何调整注采参数，是海上稠油油藏高效开发的关键。针对LD27-2油田稠油油藏的开发特点，在地质建模和高度历史拟合的情况下，对LD27-2油田稠油油藏开发状况进行多轮次预测；基于生产历史拟合的油藏数值模型，开展了不同蒸汽干度、注汽强度、注汽强度递增等条件下A22H井和A23H井蒸汽吞吐至开采至10年的油藏数值模拟，明确不同注采参数的影响规律，优化了LD27-2油田稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐中后期注采参数。     

Synthesis of mesoporous geopolymeric powder from LD slag as superior adsorbent for Zinc (II) removal

Linz-Donawitz(LD) slag Geopolymer(LDSGP), a porous aluminosillicate geopolymeric adsorbent, has been synthesized from steel plant LD slag for efficient removal of Zinc(II) ions from wastewater, thus presenting a solution for converting industrial waste to adsorbent for wastewater treatment. The colloid paste of raw LD slag and the alkaline activator (10?M NaOH?+?sodium silicate (1:1 w/w)) has been cured for 3?days at low temperature to geopolymerize the calcium oxide rich LD slag. The BET surface area of LDSGP adsorbent (30.84?m²/g) has improved considerably compared to raw LDS (4.85?m²/g) and the FESEM and HRTEM images reveal the presence of micropetal and cauliflower like structures at outer surface of the adsorbent particles. The mesoporous nature of LDSGP adsorbent can be understood by analyzing N₂ adsorption-desorption and pore size distribution plot. The PXRD pattern of LDSGP adsorbent powder confirms the presence of Ca₂SiO₄ and Ca₃SiO₅ in the geopolymeric matrix. Langmuir isotherm model correlates the batch adsorption data of Zn²⁺ ions onto LDSGP particles at 298?K, 308?K and 318?K. The maximum Zn²⁺ ions adsorption capacity of LDSGP is 86?mg/g at 318?K. The adsorption kinetic data is correlated with pseudo-second-order model indicating chemisorption of Zn²⁺ ions onto LD slag geopolymeric powder adsorbent.     

Preparation and characterization of zeolite from waste Linz-Donawitz (LD) process slag of steel industry for removal of Fe3+ from drinking water

Cubical-shaped zeolite A was synthesized from the Linz-Donawitz (LD) process slag of the Steel Industry, utilizing conventional fusion-assisted hydrothermal treatment. Morphological and Physico-chemical characterizations were performed by various characterization techniques. A weight ratio of 1:1.2 (LD-slag: NaOH) was maintained during fusion, which provides a better binding effect with better mechanical stability to the zeolite framework. Fe³⁺ adsorption studies were performed at 273, 298, 303, and 308 K, respectively, within the range of 10–40 mg L⁻¹ Fe³⁺ ion concentration for kinetic and isotherm studies. A maximum adsorption capacity of 27.55 mg g⁻¹ was obtained at a 1.4 g L⁻¹ adsorbent dosage, with 99.99% Fe³⁺ ion removal. Moreover, the Fe³⁺ adsorption study obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, whereas multistage diffusion controlled the adsorption process. Langmuir isotherm model best fitted the equilibrium data suggesting the highly negative charge over the adsorbent surface played a vital role in the electrostatic attraction of Fe³⁺ ions. Isomorphic replacement of silicon by aluminum ion imparted a highly negative charge over the zeolite surface in the primary structure unit. For real-life sample drinking water, the Fe³⁺ ion removal efficiency increases to 97.7%.     

采用PSD-LD测量液体浓度方法的研究

介绍日本八十年代的新产品“光位敏器”（英文缩写ＰＳＤ下同）,以及“半导体激光 器”（英文缩写ＬＤ下同）,对ＰＳＤ和ＬＤ的工作原理进行了分析,研制成功了连续测量液体浓度 的传感器,并对利用ＰＳＤ－ＬＤ测量液体浓度的方法进行了探讨。     

SiCw／LD2复合材料超塑变形过程中的孔洞演化规律

用挤压铸造法制成ＳｉＣｗ／ＬＤ２复合材料,在４７０℃下进行热挤压得到板材,挤压比为１：２２在５７０℃进行超塑拉伸实验,应变速率同８．３３＊１０＾－４ｓ＾－１逐步升到８．３３＊１０＾－３ｓ＾－１,在４．１７＊１０＾－３ｓ＾－１时获得了２８０％的最大延伸率。     

GaN基外延膜的激光剥离和InGaN LD外延膜的解理

利用波长为248nm的KrF准分子激光器进行了蓝宝石衬底GaN外延层剥离。对极薄的MOCVD生长的单层GaN外延膜(3μm)和InGaNLD外延膜(5μm)实现了大面积剥离。对剥离蓝宝石衬底背面抛光和未抛光外延片的不同特点作了比较,激光剥离所需的能量密度阈值分别约为200mJ/cm2和300mJ/cm2,优化结果表明,能量密度分别在400mJ/cm2和600mJ/cm2可实现稳定的剥离。同时对剥离后的InGaN多量子阱LD结构薄膜进行了解理,SEM观察显示获得的InGaNLD腔面平整光滑。基于这种技术可以获得无蓝宝石衬底的GaN基光电子和电子器件。     

Nd∶YLiF4晶体的声光调Q脉冲激光特性研究

在激光二极管端面泵浦的情况下,采用耦合透过率为10％的输出镜,研究了Nd∶YLiF4晶体的声光调Q脉冲激光特性.当重复频率为1O kHz,泵浦功率为5.94 W时,获得了540 mW的最大平均输出功率,光光转换效率和斜效率分别为9.09％和10.7％.当重复频率为1 kHz时,获得了最佳的脉冲实验结果:最高峰值功率为49.2 kW,最大单脉冲能量为295μJ,最小脉宽为6 ns.     

LD泵浦的全固态内腔倍频单模绿光激光器的研究

研究了激光二极管(LD)端面泵浦的全固态内腔倍频的单模运转的532nm绿光激光器的腔型设计,以及获得最大输出功率的简单理论．并用LD泵浦的Nd：YAG内腔倍频激光器从实验上进行了验证,为进一步进行自混合干涉实验奠定了基础．