Construction of functional aliphatic polycarbonates for biomedical applications

Aliphatic polycarbonates are one important kind of biodegradable polymers and have been commonly used as integral components of engineered tissues, medical devices and drug delivery systems. As far as the biomedical application is concerned, traditional aliphatic polycarbonates usually suffer from the strong hydrophobicity, deficient functionality, and insufficient compatibility with cell/organs. Consequently, the application is quite limited in scope. Due to the imparted appealing properties, aliphatic polycarbonates bearing specifically designed functional/reactive groups attract great interest from researchers in the recent years. The present review outlines the development up to date concerning the design and biomedical application of functional aliphatic polycarbonates, with an emphasis on their ring-opening (co)polymerization preparation.     

金刚石刀具技术现状及在木材加工中的应用前景

本文主要介绍了金刚石木工刀具的发展过程及人造金刚石木工刀具的技术现状,分析了金刚石刀具在木材加工中的应用前景.     

Experimental study on ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting of hardened steel using PCD tools

Diamond tools cannot usually be applied for machining hardened steels while applying conventional cutting technique. As an alternative, ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting (UEVC) technique was successfully applied for obtaining mirror surface on such steels using single crystal diamond (SCD) tools. In order to reduce production cost without compromising mirror surface quality, polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tools may be tested against highly expensive SCD tools. However, study on machining of hardened steel using PCD tools applying the UEVC technique has not yet been reported. The current research presents an experimental study on UEVC of hardened stainless steel (a typical Stavax, hardness 49 HRC) using the PCD tools. Face turning experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of three machining parameters: nominal depth of cut, feed rate, and nominal cutting speed on output performances such as cutting force, tool flank wear, surface roughness, and chip formation. Experimental results show that nominal cutting speed has very strong influence on the output performances, compared to the other two parameters. The surface roughness improves with a decrease in cutting speed. A mirror-like surface of approximately 804 mm² with a roughness value R_a of 11 nm was achieved at a lower cutting speed. Theoretical explanations have been given to support the results drawn from the UEVC experiments. It can be concluded that, while applying the UEVC technique, the inexpensive PCD tools instead of the SCD tools can be effectively applied to obtain optical surface for producing precise molds from the hardened steel.     

聚晶金刚石微细立铣刀设计有限元优化分析

微细立铣刀的设计制造是微细铣削的关键技术。该文在对近年出现过的聚晶金刚石微细立铣刀进行结构分析的基础上,总结出PCD微细立铣刀设计的总体原则和具体要求,确定其设计制造的一般步骤。按照这个步骤,设计出PCD微细立铣刀结构（微细立铣刀刀头结构、微细立铣刀刀柄结构）,利用ANSYS对微细立铣刀进行结构静力学分析和模态分析。     

SURFACE INTEGRITY OF HIGH-SPEED FACE MILLED Ti-6Al-4V ALLOY WITH PCD TOOLS

This study is focused on the machined surface integrity of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tools under wet milling condition. The surface integrity in terms of surface roughness, surface topography, microhardness, microstructure, and metallurgical alternations is investigated. The observations and conclusions are primarily focused on the effect of cutting speed (250–2,000 m/min) on the surface and subsurface of the machined Ti-6Al-4V. Experimental results show that machined surface integrity of Ti-6Al-4V alloy is sensitive to the variation of cutting speeds. Obvious machining (feed) marks can be found on the machined surfaces. Micro hardness examinations showed 5–20% hardening of the top machined surfaces than the bulk material. The analyses of microstructure and metallurgical alternations reveal that slight subsurface microstructure alteration such as plastic deformation on the subsurface and no phase transformation were observed. The evolution of crystallographic texture induced by the intense plastic deformation of the machined surface should be responsible for the modifications of the peak intensity radios in XRD patterns as well as higher peak broadening crystal structures.     

影响PCD刀具刃磨质量因素研究

本文采用合理的腐蚀清洗方法对PCD试样进行腐蚀,获得了清晰真实的PCD磨削表面。在此基础上借助扫描电镜,通过观察PCD刀具磨削表面和刃口的微观形貌,系统研究了磨床转速、磨削压力及磨削液等因素对PCD刀具刃磨质量的影响。研究结果表明：磨床转速越高,磨削表面质量越好,但过高或过低的转速会使刃口锯齿度增大;较大的磨削压力对磨削表面质量和刃口质量都有负面影响;同时,无论转速高与低,磨削压力大或小,干磨后的PCD磨削表面质量均好于湿磨。细砂轮低速干磨PCD时,磨削表面由于疲劳应力的作用出现了一些垂直于磨削表面的裂纹。     

PCD刀具车削钛合金Ti-6Al-4V的研究

本文通过正交试验研究了PCD刀具车削钛合金Ti-6A l-4V时,动态切削力和表面粗糙度随切削用量的变化规律,并分别以Ra、Rz为指标进行了方差分析。试验结果表明:x向和y向动态切削力随切削用量的变化很小,而z向相对较大。动态切削力随进给量和切削深度的增加而增加,其中在切削深度为0.1 mm的情况下,切削力出现了较大的波动。进给量和切削深度均对Ra、Rz有显著影响,其中进给量对Ra影响较大,切削深度对Rz影响较大。     

聚晶金刚石的超声振动研磨机理研究

在分析聚晶金刚石 (PCD)材料的微观结构和去除机理的基础上 ,对PCD材料的超声振动研磨机理进行了深入研究。通过试验证明 ,采用超声振动研磨PCD可显著提高研磨效率 ,认为研磨轨迹的加长和超声振动的脉冲力作用是提高研磨效率的主要原因。     

有关金刚石钻进原理的研究

结合试验研究及国内外经验 ,提出以控制钻头切入量为准的钻进规范 ,获取最优化钻进 ;依据增大切入量原则 ,分析、论述研究优质大粒聚晶体的必要性和可能性 ,突破现用金刚石钻进的局限 ;分析了当前专业技术状况 ,提出加强科学试验和研究的重大意义。     

Jasmonic Acid and Ethylene Participate in the Gibberellin-Induced Ovule Programmed Cell Death Process in Seedless Pear ‘1913’ (Pyrus hybrid)

Seedless fruit is a feature appreciated by consumers. The ovule abortion process is highly orchestrated and controlled by numerous environmental and endogenous signals. However, the mechanisms underlying ovule abortion in pear remain obscure. Here, we found that gibberellins (GAs) have diverse functions during ovules development between seedless pear ‘1913’ and seeded pear, and that GA₄₊₇ activates a potential programmed cell death process in ‘1913’ ovules. After hormone analyses, strong correlations were determined among jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene and salicylic acid (SA) in seedless and seeded cultivars, and GA₄₊₇ treatments altered the hormone accumulation levels in ovules, resulting in significant correlations between GA and both JA and ethylene. Additionally, SA contributed to ovule abortion in ‘1913’. Exogenously supplying JA, SA or the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid promoted ‘Bartlett’ seed death. The regulatory mechanism in which ethylene controls ovule death has been demonstrated; therefore, JA’s role in regulating ‘1913’ ovule abortion was investigated. A further study identified that the JA signaling receptor MYC2 bound the SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED 39 promoter and triggered its expression to regulate ovule abortion. Thus, we established ovule abortion-related relationships between GA and the hormones JA, ethylene and SA, and we determined their synergistic functions in regulating ovule death.