Electrochemical membrane reactor: Synthesis of quaternary ammonium hydroxide from its halide by in situ ion substitution

Electrochemical membrane reactors (EMRs) with two compartments (EMR-2: anion-exchange membrane (AEM) separated catholyte and anolyte) and three compartments (EMR-3: three compartments separated by two AEMs to avoid contact between the product and the electrodes) were developed for the synthesis of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) from tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) by in situ ion substitution. In house prepared AEM with good physicochemical, electrochemical properties and excellent stabilities was used. Schematic diagrams are presented for the possible synthesis of TBAOH from TBABr by in situ ion substitution in EMR-2 and EMR-3. Synthesis of TBAOH using EMR-2 and EMR-3 was achieved under different experimental conditions and process parameters (rate of synthesis, current efficiency (CE) and energy consumption) were estimated. In EMR-2, relatively slow synthesis of TBAOH with low recovery was explained due to Hofmann elimination of TBAOH in contact with the electrode. While in EMR-3, relatively faster rate of TBAOH synthesis with its high recovery and current efficiency indicated practical application of the developed process for the efficient synthesis of TBAOH without the use of any additives or reagents.     

Effect of hydroxyapatite morphology and quaternary ammonium polymer co-inclusion on bond strength,cytotoxicity, and cell morphology of self-etching adhesive

This study aimed to obtain and evaluate hydroxyapatites (HAp) as nanoparticles and nanorods for use in self-etching adhesive. The effect of co-inclusion of a multifunctional quaternary ammonium methacrylate polymer (QAMP) on their mechanical, cell viability, and morphological properties was also investigated. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HApP24 and HApP36) and nanorod-shaped hydroxyapatite (HApR14) were characterized by XRPD, SEM-FEG, and FTIR spectroscopy. HApP24, HApP36, HApR14, and HApR14 + QAMP were added to Clearfil™ SE Bond. Microtensile bond strength (μTBS), cell viability (MTT method), and cell morphology (SEM) of these adhesives were studied. Characterization data confirmed that hydroxyapatites were successfully synthesized. Significant decrease μTBS was achieved for Clearfil™ SE Bond + HApP24 (p = 0.031) and Clearfil™ SE Bond + HApP36 (p = 0.008) when immediate (IM) and 12 months (12 M) were compared. No statistical difference (p > 0.05) was achieved when six months (6 M) and 12 M results of μTBS were compared for Clearfil™ SE Bond + HApR14. Clearfil™ SE Bond + QAMP, Clearfil™ SE Bond + HApR14 + QAMP, and Clearfil™ SE Bond presented no significant difference comparing storage periods. Lower cell viability was achieved when HApP24 and HApP36 were included to Clearfil™ SE Bond. Co-inclusion of QAMP + HApR14 into Clearfil™ SE Bond improved (p = 0.049) the viability of cells when compared to Clearfil™ SE Bond. SEM micrographs of fibroblast-like cells demonstrated consistent results with cell viability. This is the first report that hydrothermal nanorods of HAp and QAMP are co-included into adhesive system for providing remineralizing and antimicrobial properties at the same time as they kept bond stability.     

Quaternary ammonium-functionalized poly(ether sulfone ketone) anion exchange membranes: The effect of block ratios

Anion exchange membranes based on quaternary ammonium-functionalized poly(ether sulfone ketone) block copolymers (QA-PESK) with various hydrophilic–hydrophobic oligomer block ratios (10:7, 10:18, and 10:26) were synthesized, and the block length effect on the membranes' physicochemical and electrical properties were systematically investigated. The QA-PESK-10-18 membrane, prepared using a hydrophilic and hydrophobic block ratio of 10:18, displayed well-balanced hydrophilic/hydrophobic phase separation, the highest conductivity of 23.19 mS cm⁻¹ at 20 °C and 57.84 mS cm⁻¹ at 80 °C, and the highest alkaline stability among the three block ratios tested, indicating that the membranes' properties were closely related to their morphologies, which were determined by the hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio of the block copolymer. The H₂/O₂ single cell performance using the QA-PESK-10-18 revealed a maximum power density of 235 mW cm⁻².     

江汉盆地南部监利地区浅层生物气的发现及成因

江汉盆地南部监利地区由于农田灌溉打水井,偶然发现井水抽出时伴有气体流出,点燃后能长时间燃烧。为此,对该地区的浅层气进行了采样分析。结果表明,浅层天然气气样CH₄含量介于44.11%~51.57%之间,均值为47.03%,不含C₂H₆及其他重烃气体,干燥系数(C₁/C_1-5)为1,属典型干气。CH₄碳同位素值介于-70.8‰ ~-71.0‰之间,均值为-70.9‰,CH₄氢同位素值介于 -223‰~-226‰之间,均值为-224‰,CO₂碳同位素值介于-12.6‰~-14.7‰之间,均值为-13.9‰,同位素特征表明研究区浅层气为氢气还原二氧化碳途径生成的生物气。通过与江浙-沿海平原、长江三角洲和洞庭盆地的第四系浅层生物气赋存特征进行对比,进一步明确了研究区内第四系生物气成藏特征,认为研究区第四系浅层生物气具有进一步勘察和研究的潜力。     

桑蚕丝织物HSDA-HTC抗菌整理性能研究

用实验室自制的聚合季铵盐(HSDA-HTC)对桑蚕丝织物进行抗菌整理,测试并分析了整理织物的抗菌性能、抗菌耐洗性及力学和吸湿性能.结果表明,经10 g/L的HSDA-HTC水溶液整理后的桑蚕丝织物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌率分别为99.62%和99.44%,并具有优良的抗菌耐洗性,洗涤50次后其抑菌率仍超过99....     

Synthesis and Properties of New Cleavable Cationic Surfactants Containing Carbonate Groups

A novel series of cleavable alkyltrimethylammonium surfactants with different hydrocarbon chain lengths (C8–16) were synthesized. A carbonate break site inserted between the polar head and the hydrocarbon chain makes these compounds hydrolyzable. The reagents used are renewable, (bio)degradable, or reusable. The hydrolysis of these cleavable surfactants will lead to the generation of fatty alcohols and choline, which is an essential biological nutrient. The surface activities in aqueous solution of the synthesized carbonates fulfill the requirement of being good surfactants. In addition, the cleavable compounds containing n-decyl and n-dodecyl chains showed similar or higher antimicrobial activities when compared to a non-cleavable analog.     

Drag Reduction by Wormlike Micelles of a Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Surfactants

This study describes the effects of wormlike micelles formed by the commercial surfactants tallowalkylamidopropyl dimethylamine oxide (Aromox APA-TW) and oleyl methyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium chloride (Ethoquad O/12) as drag reducers. Ethoquad O/12 is immune to degradation by heat and microorganisms. Conversely, Aromox APA-TW is biodegradable in the environment, and its susceptibility to heat-induced degradation was previously assessed. This work considers the effects of temperature, salt, and time on the drag-reduction capacity (in different Reynolds number) of wormlike micelles of these two surfactants. Wormlike micelles formed by Aromox APA-TW are able to reduce drag at higher temperatures compared to wormlike micelles formed by Ethoquad O/12. However, Aromox APA-TW can degrade after being heated to 80 °C and also after storage of the wormlike micelle solutions. Ethoquad O/12 does not undergo degradation after being heated or stored. These surfactants have the potential to be used as additives in industrial operations, as the wormlike micelles formed are able to reduce drag in systems with long pumping distances or recirculation, even in solutions with high salt concentrations (brine) and high temperatures.     

Application of complex extreme learning machine to multiclass classification problems with high dimensionality: A THz spectra classification problem

We extend extreme learning machine (ELM) classifiers to complex Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces (RKHS) where the input/output variables as well as the optimization variables are complex-valued. A new family of classifiers, called complex-valued ELM (CELM) suitable for complex-valued multiple-input–multiple-output processing is introduced. In the proposed method, the associated Lagrangian is computed using induced RKHS kernels, adopting a Wirtinger calculus approach formulated as a constrained optimization problem similarly to the conventional ELM classifier formulation. When training the CELM, the Karush–Khun–Tuker (KKT) theorem is used to solve the dual optimization problem that consists of satisfying simultaneously smallest training error as well as smallest norm of output weights criteria. The proposed formulation also addresses aspects of quaternary classification within a Clifford algebra context. For 2D complex-valued inputs, user-defined complex-coupled hyper-planes divide the classifier input space into four partitions. For 3D complex-valued inputs, the formulation generates three pairs of complex-coupled hyper-planes through orthogonal projections. The six hyper-planes then divide the 3D space into eight partitions. It is shown that the CELM problem formulation is equivalent to solving six real-valued ELM tasks, which are induced by projecting the chosen complex kernel across the different user-defined coordinate planes. A classification example of powdered samples on the basis of their terahertz spectral signatures is used to demonstrate the advantages of the CELM classifiers compared to their SVM counterparts. The proposed classifiers retain the advantages of their ELM counterparts, in that they can perform multiclass classification with lower computational complexity than SVM classifiers. Furthermore, because of their ability to perform classification tasks fast, the proposed formulations are of interest to real-time applications.     

西域组钙质胶结砾岩物质构成试验研究

西域组砾岩的物质构成较为复杂,目前对其试验研究较少。以分析西域组钙质胶结砾岩的物质构成为目标,通过酸化浸泡试验和CAD断面统计方法,并结合气体收集方法,来对西域组钙质胶结砾岩的物质构成进行初步的试验研究,运用两种不同比例盐酸溶液对砾岩试样的颗粒级配进行酸化试验分析。结果表明:经过1∶1盐酸溶液浸泡后0. 075 mm粒径损失较大,1∶4盐酸溶液浸泡后试验结果较为理想;酸化分离筛分和CAD断面统计粒径含量结果基本一致;西域组钙质胶结砾岩碳酸盐含量为70%～80%,其余20%为碎屑物质和填隙物;碎屑物质中粒径 2 mm的砾石平均含量为65. 2%,粒径2～0. 075 mm的砂平均含量为13. 2%,粒径0. 075 mm的细粒平均含量为21. 6%。通过试验还发现钙质胶结砾岩中存在有某些物质与盐酸发生了反应,对试验结果产生了一定的影响。     

壳聚糖三甲基季铵盐的合成及其结构表征

利用壳聚糖分子中氨基的特性,与过量碘甲烷进行彻底甲基化反应合成水溶性的壳聚糖三甲基季铵盐,纯化后进行了结构表征。