Characterizing Debris Clouds Created in Oblique Orbital Debris Particle Impact

The problem of pollution within Earth’s orbital environment has gained considerable recognition over the past decades. Determining adequate passive protection schemes is an unending process that attempts to meet different objectives for widely varying types of missions. Significant amounts of resources have been expended toward development of numerical and analytical models that model the response of a variety of target systems under high-speed orbital debris impacts. The objective of the study whose results are presented herein was to improve upon an existing oblique hypervelocity impact model that characterizes the various secondary debris clouds created in such an impact. This was accomplished by reducing the model’s dependence on empirical user-defined parameters and by correcting an error in one of its equations. Predictions of the improved model are compared with numerical simulations generated during previous impact studies under comparable conditions. It is found that the improved model does a reasonable job of predicting the characteristics of the secondary debris clouds created in an oblique hypervelocity impact.     

Cost effective honeycomb and multi-layer insulation debris shields for unmanned spacecraft

Ways to improve the tolerance of unmanned spacecraft to hypervelocity impact are presented. Two new honeycomb and multi-layer insulation (MLI) shields were defined: (1) double honeycomb, and (2) enhanced or toughened MLI (with additional Kevlar 310 and/or Betacloth layers). Following hypervelocity impact testing, a new ballistic limit threshold was defined, based on rear facesheet perforation and witness plate damage characteristics. At 12 km/s, the ballistic limit of single honeycomb was 0.58 mm (aluminium sphere), rising to 0.91 mm for double honeycomb, 1.00 mm for double honeycomb with MLI and 1.17 mm for double honeycomb with toughened MLI. A damage equation, based on the modified Cour-Palais equation with ESA constants, was compared with the data and found to be conservative. The impact angle exponent was increased in order to reduce the equation under-prediction for the oblique incidence data. An equivalent rear wall thickness was defined in order to distinguish between shield types above 7 km/s. The spacecraft survivability analysis showed that the double honeycomb and toughened MLI significantly reduced the number of perforating particles over the baseline single honeycomb design. The mass increase of these shields is approximately 1.2 kg/m² for double honeycomb and 0.8 kg/m² for toughened MLI.     

转速和控制力矩受限下模型独立的航天器拟欧拉姿态机动

刚性航天器的初始姿态捕获,要求在敏感器和执行机构物理限制范围内,尽快从任意初始状态机动到角速度要求为零的指定状态.根据递阶饱和控制逻辑,设计了一种适用于转速和控制力矩均受限的模型独立的非线性反馈控制规律.给出了该拟欧拉轴旋转控制算法的数学仿真,仿真结果表明该算法有效可靠.     

Hypervelocity Impact Penetration Phenomena in Aluminum Space Structures

All long‐duration spacecraft are susceptible to high‐speed impacts by meteoroids and pieces of orbiting space debris. Damage to critical spacecraft systems caused by such impacts can lead to spacecraft failure and loss of life. In order to develop adequate protection against penetration for crew compartments and other critical spacecraft systems, an aerospace design engineer must possess a full understanding of the penetration mechanics involved in the hypervelocity impact loading of a variety of structural components. This paper describes the results of an experimental investigation of the penetration phenomena associated with oblique hypervelocity projectile impact of aluminum dual‐wall structures. Equations that quantitatively describe these phenomena are obtained through a regression of hypervelocity impact test data. These equations characterize observed penetration phenomena as functions of the geometric and material properties of the impacted structure and the diameter, obliquity, and velocity of the impacting projectile. A review of the test data shows that oblique hypervelocity impact penetration phenomena are strongly dependent on impact obliquity and therefore can differ significantly from those associated with normal high‐speed impacts. It is concluded that the possibility of non‐normal impacts and their effects on structural integrity must be considered in the design of any structure that is to be exposed to the hazardous meteoroid and space debris environment.     

Velocity-free attitude coordinated tracking control for spacecraft formation flying

This article investigates the velocity-free attitude coordinated tracking control scheme for a group of spacecraft with the assumption that the angular velocities of the formation members are not available in control feedback. Initially, an angular velocity observer is constructed based on each individual's attitude quarternion. Then, the distributed attitude coordinated control law is designed by using the observed states, in which adaptive control method is adopted to handle the external disturbances. Stability of the overall closed-loop system is analyzed theoretically, which shows the system trajectory converges to a small set around origin with fast convergence rate. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate fast convergence and improved tracking performance of the proposed control strategy.     

离散型整星隔振系统的动力学参数设计

研究离散型整星隔振系统的动力学参数设计问题。通过建立整星隔振系统的动力学模型,得到从隔振器底端到卫星质心的振动传递率。用理论和仿真方法对此动力学模型进行有效验证,表明该动力学模型能较好地体现离散型整星隔振系统前两阶的振动传递规律。通过衰减不同的共振峰值的内在规律,讨论该隔振系统动力学参数对振动传递特性的影响,提出离散型整星隔振系统的动力学参数设计原则,为整星隔振器的结构参数设计提供理论指导。利用振动台对离散型整星隔振系统进行振动试验,表明该隔振器具有很好的隔振性能,验证了动力学参数设计的正确性。     

Nonlinear vibration analysis of spacecraft with local nonlinearity

Most spacecraft are usually assembled from some simple substructures by different kinds of connectors, which include various kinds of joints and hinges. Most of the connectors have properties of nonlinearity, and can strongly affect the dynamic characteristics of spacecraft. Mathematical models of such spacecraft usually have a large number of degrees of freedom (DOFs), but their nonlinear connectors are generally spatially localized. In general, it is impractical and time-consuming to directly calculate the frequency response of the spacecraft using current methods. To enhance the calculation efficiency of the frequency response, an improved approach is proposed in the present paper. With describing functions (DFs) and linear receptance data, the kinetic equations are firstly converted into a set of complex algebraic equations whose dimension is only associated with nonlinear DOFs and interested DOFs. Subsequently the number of iterative equations is reduced and only related to nonlinear DOFs. Hence the improved approach can be applicable to large-scale and complicated finite element (FE) models. An FE model of a satellite with some nonlinear joints is used to show and demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method. Besides, the effects induced by nonlinear joints on payloads’ vibration of the satellite are discussed.     

航天多铰接机械系统动力学研究

阐述了航天多铰接机械系统类型及其相关的动力学建模方法。基于 Dubowsky间隙的本构关系 ,构造了间隙连接数学模型。将几何约束转化为力约束 ,进一步建立系统的结构动力学方程和多体动力学方程 ,以解决系统作为机构时的展开运动分析 ,以及展开后系统作为结构运行时的动力学预测。对这类系统动力学模型降阶、运动诱导刚度、控制结构一体化设计等关键问题进行了研究     

Thermal analysis of spacecraft propulsion system and its validation

Heaters for the spacecraft propulsion system are sized to prevent propellant from catastrophic freezing. For this purpose, thermal mathematical model (TMM) of the propulsion system is developed. Calculation output is compared with the results obtained from thermal vacuum test in order to check the validity of TMM. Despite a little discrepancy between the two types of results, both of them are qualitatively compatible. It is concluded that the propulsion system heaters are correctly sized and TMM can be used as a thermal design tool for the spacecraft propulsion system.     

深空一号飞行中的多功能结构技术试验

洛克希德．马丁宇航公司已开发出作为宇宙飞船设计新系统的多功能结构（MFS）概念,它淘汰了机箱、电缆、连接器并把电子设备封装进行宇宙飞船的壁中,协作工程学对于把电子、结构和热设计集成看成是最重要的。设计的方法是在工作中控制所有的功率,接地和屏蔽的关系。MFS方法提供了重要的重量和体积节省并在新的宇宙飞船计划中支持“更快、更好、更省”的哲学。该技术在新千年计划深空一号（DSI1）任务的试验中将得到证明。