Analytical modeling for spectrum handoff decision in cognitive radio networks

Cognitive Radio (CR) is an emerging technology used to significantly improve the efficiency of spectrum utilization. Although some spectrum bands in the primary user’s licensed spectrum are intensively used, most of the spectrum bands remain underutilized. The introduction of open spectrum and dynamic spectrum access lets the secondary (unlicensed) users, supported by cognitive radios; opportunistically utilize the unused spectrum bands. However, if a primary user returns to a band occupied by a secondary user, the occupied spectrum band is vacated immediately by handing off the secondary user’s call to another idle spectrum band. Multiple spectrum handoffs can severely degrade quality of service (QoS) for the interrupted users. To avoid multiple handoffs, when a licensed primary user appears at the engaged licensed band utilized by a secondary user, an effective spectrum handoff procedure should be initiated to maintain a required level of QoS for secondary users. In other words, it enables the channel clearing while searching for target vacant channel(s) for completing unfinished transmission. This paper proposes prioritized proactive spectrum handoff decision schemes to reduce the handoff delay and the total service time. The proposed schemes have been modeled using a preemptive resume priority (PRP) M/G/1 queue to give a high priority to interrupted users to resume their transmission ahead of any other uninterrupted secondary user. The performance of proposed handoff schemes has been evaluated and compared against the existing spectrum handoff schemes. Experimental results show that the schemes developed here outperform the existing schemes in terms of average handoff delay and total service time under various traffic arrival rates as well as service rates.     

Learning low-rank Mercer kernels with fast-decaying spectrum

Low-rank representations have received a lot of interest in the application of kernel-based methods. However, these methods made an assumption that the spectrum of the Gaussian or polynomial kernels decays rapidly. This is not always true and its violation may result in performance degradation. In this paper, we propose an effective technique for learning low-rank Mercer kernels (LMK) with fast-decaying spectrum. What distinguishes our kernels from other classical kernels (Gaussian and polynomial kernels) is that the proposed always yields low-rank Gram matrices whose spectrum decays rapidly, no matter what distribution the data are. Furthermore, the LMK can control the decay rate. Thus, our kernels can prevent performance degradation while using the low-rank approximations. Our algorithm has favorable in scalability—it is linear in the number of data points and quadratic in the rank of the Gram matrix. Empirical results demonstrate that the proposed method learns fast-decaying spectrum and significantly improves the performance.     

基于四元极谐变换矩与显著特征的图像鲁棒哈希算法

为了增强哈希序列对各种几何变换攻击的鲁棒性,设计基于四元极谐变换矩与显著特征的图像鲁棒哈希算法。引入线性插值与自适应Wiener滤波器,实现初始图像的预处理;计算预处理图像的颜色向量角度,并基于Fourier变换,得到其对应的幅度信息,以获取两个不同的频谱;计算两个频谱的残差,确定图像中的局部显著性区域;通过LBP算子,提取显著特征;基于四元极谐变换(Quaternion Polar Harmonic Transform,QPHT),获取预处理图像的QPHT矩;联合显著特征与QPHT矩,形成过渡哈希数组。引入Logistic映射,定义加密函数,实现对过渡哈希数组的加密,输出最终的哈希序列,以增强其抗碰撞性能。测量源图像与可疑图像之间的哈希序列所对应的l₂范数距离,并将其与优化阈值比较,对图像的真实性做出判断。在多种几何变换攻击下完成测试,输出数据显示:较当前准确性较高的哈希方法而言,该算法具有更理想的鲁棒性与识别准确率。     

An improved damage diagnostic technique based on Singular Spectrum Analysis and time series models

An approach to enhance the sensitivity of the damage index using the prediction errors of autoregressive – autoregressive exogenous models by augmenting Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) to detect and locate minor damage is presented. Numerical simulation studies are carried out by considering a simply supported beam with single and multiple cracks. An experimental study on a reinforced cement concrete beam has been carried out to validate the technique using different levels of damage. The studies emphasise that the SSA improves the sensitivity of the damage index for detection and also localisation, handling environmental/operational variability and measurement noise.     

Impact of blasting parameters on vibration signal spectrum: Determination and statistical evidence

Research on the impact of blasting parameters on vibration signals is of significant value for guiding blast-resistant design. Previous research was primarily aimed at the impact on vibration amplitude in the time domain but rarely focused on energy distribution in the frequency domain (i.e., spectrum). Based on large amounts of blast signals from a series of events, in this study, the primary parameters that affect the vibration spectrum were determined. First, the K-means method was used to cluster all of the signals into six distinct spectrum clusters. The T test was then utilized among different clusters, to detect discrepancies in continuous parameters, including total charge, maximum charge, concrete age and distance between the explosion source and measuring point. Meanwhile, a random clustering simulation was conducted to determine whether the other two discrete parameters, i.e., the number of detonator relays and the explosion source location, influence the spectrums of vibration signals. The results show that three of the six parameters studied have a close link to the vibration spectrum, whereas the other three do not. This study also discusses how the parameters impact the occurrence and evolution of vibration signals.     

用样点加密和补零充位提高频谱分辨率

在地震数据处理中,频谱分析是不可缺少的重要环节。PE—3284机TRAFO模块是采用FFT算法进行频谱分析的。由于频谱的分辨率与被处理的时窗长度成正比,当时窗长度小于2000ms时,分辨率很低,不能用于实际生产。本文提出用样点加密和补零充位的方法提高频谱分辨率,效果明显,方法简单,对时窗长度大于75ms的谱分析,完全能满足实际处理需要。     

随机结构地震反应的反应谱分析法

本文将结构弹性模量、构件截面面积、截面惯性矩、质量分布及地震反应谱参数等视为随机变量,建立随机结构动力分析模型,并使用现行抗震规范反应谱进行结构地震反应计算。以此研究上述参数的不确定性(随机性)对结构地震反应计算结果的影响。     

VHS录相机走带系统抖晃特性测试分析及软件

应用数字信号分析中关于预处理,谱分析的技术,可以对录象机抖晃信号进行较快的和较全面的测试分析。我们使用多功能的HP—3562A、CF—920分析机,对日产松下录象机及国产仿松下机进行了对比试验,分析了VHS型录象机走带系统与抖晃有关的特性。在此基础上,我们编制了对抖晃信号预处理、谱分析的软件,在AppLe Ⅱ微机上通过,以适应生产现场的需要。本文还阐述了在AppLe Ⅱ微机上对抖晃信号进行预处理、计权、抖晃总量和分量显示、谱分析及故障珍断一次测试完成的可行性。     

滚齿机传动链运动误差的频谱分析

用山东工业大学研制的圆感应同步器式运动精度测量仪配以TP801B—Z80单板计算机,完成了传动链运动误差的数据采集和处理工作。从数据采集开始,经十多分钟时间即可直接从数据处理结果找出机床传动链的薄弱环节,作出诊断结论,从而进行修理或调整机器,以提高机器的传动精度。     

极大熵功率谱估值器的设计和测试

采用极大熵谱估计理论设计估值器，提出了一种基于ＦＰＥ准则改进的估值器定阶方法──加权ＦＰＥ准则。测试结果表明：估值器的频率分辨率和幅值稳定性较高，能满足工程计算的要求。