Deoxynivalenol and its masked forms: Characteristics,incidence, control and fate during wheat and wheat based products processing - A review

BackgroundDeoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite primarily produced by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum that is common in grains, such as wheat and wheat-based products.Scope and approachThis review points out on the main DON-producing fungi, the factors affecting DON production, its toxicological aspects and preventive measures to avoid contamination of foods by DON. Further, the article discusses the fate of DON throughout the processing of wheat, bread, and pasta and finally critically assesses data on the impact of specific steps of processing on DON contents in wheat-based products.Key findings and conclusionsThe proposed controls at pre- and post-harvest stages seem to comprise the most efficient strategies to manage the incidence of DON in wheat and wheat-based products. Prevention of plant infection by Fusarium species, managing crops and ensuring the rapid drying of wheat after harvest is the effective approaches for the elimination of DON contamination. There has been contradictory data in the literature on the fate of DON during wheat and wheat-based products processing Due to differences in processing, such as temperature, additives, processing time and loaf size in addition to the occurrence of modified (masked) forms of DON. Therefore, further research must be carried out aiming to reveal the formation and occurrence of modified forms of DON. These compounds can be formed throughout wheat processing, from pre-harvest to processing of wheat-based products, and for proper quantification, analytical methods able to quantify modified forms of DON are required.     

Storage effects on nutritional quality of commonly consumed cereals

Storage effects on nutritional quality of commonly consumed cereal grains are studied. Freshly harvested wheat, maize and rice grains were stored at 10, 25 and 45 °C for six months. A significant decrease in pH and an increase in titratable acidity was observed during storage of these three cereal grains at 25 and 45 °C. A gradual decline in moisture, total available lysine and thiamine contents was observed during storage. Total available lysine contents decreased by 6.50% and 18.5% in wheat, 14.3% and 20.7% in maize and 23.7% and 34.2% in rice during six months of storage at 25 and 45 °C, respectively. Six month’s storage of rice, maize and wheat grains at 25 and 45 °C resulted in reduction of thiamine contents by 16.7% and 29.2%, 17.2% and 24.1% and 21.4% and 29.5%, respectively. About 36.4–44.4% decrease in total soluble sugars at 45 °C and 9.30–31.8% increase in total soluble sugars were observed at 10 and 25 °C during six months storage of these cereal grains. Protein and starch digestibilities of cereal grains also deceased during six months of storage at 25 and 45 °C. No significant change in nutritional quality was observed during storage of cereal grains at 10 °C.     

Unglazed Fiberglass Reinforced Polyester Solar Water Heater with Integrated Storage System

Theoretical and experimental investigations on an unglazed solar hot water heater with integrated storage system were conducted. The system was comprised of a collector and storage tank which was integrated into one unit. All parts of the system have been fabricated from fiberglass reinforced polyester (GFRP). The absorber plate has water tubes of semielliptical shape. The width and length of the absorber plate were 1.4 and 1.8?m, respectively. The absorber plate was fabricated from GFPR using a special resin composition that provides good thermal conductivity and absorptivity. The storage tank has a capacity of 496?L. The storage tank is of sandwich construction with a core material made of polyurethane foam that combines stiffness and lightness of the structure with very good thermal insulation properties. An average tank temperature of 53°C was achieved at an average solar radiation level of 700?W/m2 and ambient temperature of 28°C. The thermal efficiencies of the system were evaluated at 48 and 57% for cloudy and clear days, respectively. Transient performance of the system was predicted by solving the mathematical models consisting of energy balance equations of the system that have been converted to finite difference form and solved by a personal computer. The experimental results were in close agreement as has been found with the theoretical predictions.     

镁基储氢材料的研究进展

本文回顾和总结了近几十年来，特别是近十年来镁基储氢材料的发展情况，重点综述了机械合金化Mg-Ni2合金体系的研究情况及其近期的进展，从储氢材料成份及配比，制造工艺改进以及材料的组织结构对材料性能的影响等各方面进行一定的分析和归纳，对储氢材料研究中出现的问题以及今后的发展方向都作了探讨。     

优质稻谷常温储藏条件下品质变化研究

为了探究在常温条件下优质稻谷的储藏周期,以两种优质稻谷黄华占和两优为原料,将其储藏在模拟仓中,定期监测其储藏品质、质量指标、加工品质、生理品质、糊化特性和质构特性,通过这些品质指标的变化来界定常温储藏条件下优质稻谷的储藏周期。实验结果表明,常温储藏过程中,两种优质稻谷的储藏品质、质量指标、加工品质、生理品质、糊化特性和质构特性均下降,表明优质稻谷品质下降。储藏420 d(14个月)后,优质稻谷品质基本接近不宜存状态,因此,常温储藏条件下优质稻谷的储藏周期不应超过14个月。并且,黄华占的品质劣变较两优优质稻更为明显,粮库应该选择储藏品质更加稳定的优质稻谷进行储藏。     

无线传感器网络节点图像采集存储设计

为了监测和跟踪监控区域内的目标对象,提出了一种基于无线传感器网络节点的设计方案。随着高清图像传输速度越来越快、存储容量不断增大,使得每个节点的数据存储速率成为关键。以FPGA、DSP为控制核心,利用双片选交替双平面技术对混合编帧后的数据进行存储,实现了一种对图像的高速采集,并解决了数据存储速率的问题。通过对系统采集回的数据进行科学分析和图像还原,结果表明该设计能够可靠、有效的实现对图像信息的采集与存储。     

基于凝胶百分数的推进剂贮存寿命及其可靠性分析

选择凝胶百分数作为老化性能评定参数,根据凝胶百分数与老化时间的关系,建立了推进剂贮存寿命预估模型;采用Monte-Carlo法分析了某固体推进剂贮存的寿命及其可靠性问题.结果表明:在常温下该推进剂的贮存寿命为5.93a,可靠度为0.83.     

Study on Storage Reliability Evaluation for Ammunition Using Gibbs Sampler

For the gradual maturity of Bayesian survival analysis theory, as well as the defects of the traditional methods for storage reliability evaluation, the Bayesian survival analysis method is proposed to build regression models for reliability in the random truncated test. These models can reflect the influences of different environments on the ammunition storage lifetime. As an example, the common exponential distribution is used here, and Markov chain Monte Carlo（MCMC） method based on Gibbs sampling dynamically simulates the Markov chain of the parameters＇ posterior distribution. Also, the parameters＇ Bayesian estimations are calculated in the random truncated condition. The simulation results show that the proposed method is effective and directly perceived.     

Quality of eggs coated with oil–chitosan emulsion: Combined effects of emulsifier types,initial albumen quality,and storage

Effects of mineral oil:chitosan (MO:CH at 25:75) emulsions prepared with four different emulsifiers (2 water- and 2 oil-miscible) as coatings on the internal quality (weight loss, Haugh unit, yolk index, and albumen pH) of coated eggs were evaluated during 5 weeks at 25 ± 2 °C and 20 weeks at 4 ± 2 °C. Eggs with two initial albumen qualities [Haugh unit (HU): H = 87.8 and L = 70.9] were used. At 25 ± 2 °C, Haugh unit, yolk index, and albumen pH of all coated eggs decreased with increased storage time. Coated H- and L-eggs maintained an A-grade up to 4 weeks and 1 week, respectively. Weight loss of all coated eggs remained below 1.35% after 5 weeks of storage at 25 ± 2 °C. All coated eggs maintained an A-grade with less than 2.5% weight loss during 20 weeks of storage at 4 ± 2 °C. Emulsifier types marginally affected the internal quality of coated eggs regardless of storage temperatures.     

Effect of microwaves on rice quality

The effect of microwave radiation on rice quality was investigated using an industrial continuous microwave oven. Effects of microwave treatment, packaging method and storage time on rice quality during storage were assessed. Water content, free fatty acid content and protein content were reduced but the blue value (BV) of rice and the sensory quality of cooked rice increased as microwave-energy consumption increased. Qualities of both microwave-treated and untreated rice changed during storage, but the changes were less in the treated rice sample. Differences in the protein content, fat content and total sugar content between the microwave-treated and untreated rice were significant at the beginning of storage but not after storage for more than 120 days. Variance analysis showed that rice storage qualities were significantly affected by treatment methods and storage time while packaging methods had no significant effect on any of the qualities.