锆铀合金中痕量硼的同位素稀释质谱法测定

本文介绍了用同位素稀释技术测定锆铀合金试样中痕量硼的方法。选用富集~(10)B为同位素稀释剂,用硫酸-硫酸铵溶样,使硼形成挥发的硼酸甲酯与基样分离,用热电离质谱仪进行硼的同位素比值测量。方法的检测下限为1.5ng(硼)。对于含硼量小于1.0μg/g(样)的锆铀合金试样,相对标准偏差小于±1.0%。     

Fate of nine recycled water trace organic contaminants and metal(loid)s during managed aquifer recharge into a anaerobic aquifer: Column studies

Water quality changes associated with the passage of aerobic reverse osmosis (RO) treated recycled water through a deep anaerobic pyritic aquifer system was evaluated in sediment-filled laboratory columns as part of a managed aquifer recharge (MAR) strategy. The fate of nine recycled water trace organic compounds along with potential negative water quality changes such as the release of metal(loid)s were investigated in large-scale columns over a period of 12 months.The anaerobic geochemical conditions provided a suitable environment for denitrification, and rapid (half-life <1-25 days) degradation of the endocrine disrupting compounds (bisphenol A, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethynylestradiol), and iodipamide. However, pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine and oxazepam), disinfection by-products (N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosomorpholine) and iohexol did not degrade rapidly (half-life > 100 days).High retardation coefficients (R) determined for many of the trace organics (R 13 to 67) would increase aquifer residence time and be beneficial for many of the slow degrading compounds. However, for the trace organics with low R values (1.1-2.6) and slow degradation rates (half-life > 100 days), such as N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosomorpholine and iohexol, substantial biodegradation during aquifer passage may not occur and additional investigations are required.Only minor transient increases in some metal(loid) concentrations were observed, as a result of either pyrite oxidation, mineral dissolution or pH induced metal desorption, followed by metal re-sorption downgradient in the oxygen depleted zone.     

Identification of nanominerals and nanoparticles in burning coal waste piles from Portugal

A range of carbon nanoparticles, agglomerates and mineral phases have been identified in burning coal waste pile materials from the Douro Coalfield of Portugal, as a basis for identifying their potential environmental and human health impacts. The fragile nature and fine particle size of these materials required novel characterization methods, including energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) techniques. The chemical composition and possible correlations with morphology of the nanominerals and associated ultra-fine particles have been evaluated in the context of human health exposure, as well as in relation to management of such components in coal-fire environments.     

Trace metal concentrations in the North-western Mediterranean atmospheric aerosol between 1986 and 2008: Seasonal patterns and decadal trends

Climatic and anthropogenic changes are able to engender modifications in the aerosol composition at different geographical and temporal scales. The present study addresses this question for the trace metal concentrations (TM = Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn) of aerosol from the North-western Mediterranean coast of France (Cap Ferrat, nearby Nice) between 1986 and 2008. From seasonal variations (2006-08) and decadal trends (1986-2008) of TM concentrations, three groups of elements can be distinguished. They consist of different aerosol sources: crustal-derived elements (Al, Fe, Mn and Co), trace metals of anthropogenic origin (Pb, Cd and Zn) and a third, intermediate, group of trace metals that presented both anthropogenic and natural/crustal influences (Ni and Cu). Reproducible seasonal patterns were observed for crustal and intermediate elements with highest concentrations between May and November, while anthropogenic trace metals did not show a pronounced seasonal cycle. Nevertheless, highest concentrations of anthropogenic trace metals occurred mostly in autumn/winter. Aerosol concentrations of anthropogenic TMs decreased remarkably over the last two decades, while crustal trace metals did not show any evolution. Nickel and copper aerosol concentrations remained constant, as well. Lead concentrations decreased from 1986 (29.34 ng m^− 3) to 2008 (3.33 ng m^− 3), overall by 90%. Cadmium and zinc aerosol concentrations decreased by 66 and 54%, respectively, between 1998 and 2006-08, from 0.27 to 0.09 ng m^− 3 and from 23.9 to 10.9 ng m^− 3, respectively. These findings demonstrate the response of the atmospheric environment to the implementation of antipollution policies. Possible changes of trace metal emissions sources and local influences are discussed.     

Mechanisms underlying the effects of membrane fouling on the nanofiltration of trace organic contaminants

The influence of membrane fouling on the retention of four trace organic contaminants - namely sulfamethoxazole, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, and triclosan - by nanofiltration membranes was investigated in this study. Humic acid, alginate, bovine serum albumin, and silica colloids were selected as model foulants to simulate various organic fractions and colloidal matter that are found in secondary treated effluent and surface water. The effects of membrane fouling on the separation process was delineated by comparing retention values of clean and fouled membranes and relate them to the membrane properties (under both clean and fouled conditions) as well as physicochemical characteristics of the trace organic contaminants. Membrane fouling was dependent on the physicochemical properties of the model foulants. Initial foulant-membrane interaction could probably be a major factor governing the process of membrane fouling particularly by the organic foulants. Such membrane-foulant interaction was also a dominating factor governing the effects of membrane fouling on the membrane separation efficacy. In good agreement with our previous study (Nghiem and Hawkes, 2007 [1]), the effects of fouling on retention were found to be membrane pore size dependent. In addition, results reported here suggest that these effects could also be foulant dependent. It was probable that the influence of membrane fouling on trace organic retention could be governed by four distinctive mechanisms: modification of the membrane charge surface, pore blocking, cake enhanced concentration polarisation, and modification of the membrane hydrophobicity. The presence of the fouling layer could affect the retention behavior of charged solutes by altering the membrane surface charge density. While the effect of surface charge modification was clear for inorganic salts, it was less obvious for the negatively charged pharmaceutical species (sulfamethoxazole and ibuprofen) examined in this investigation, possibly due to the interference of the pore blocking mechanism. Evidence of the cake enhanced concentration polarisation effect was quite clear, particularly under colloidal fouling conditions. In addition, organic fouling could also interfere with the solute-membrane interaction, and therefore, exerted considerable influence on the separation process of the hydrophobic trace organic contaminant triclosan.     

Trace elements in coal: Associations with coal and minerals and their behavior during coal utilization - A review

Trace elements such as mercury, arsenic and selenium present in coal are known to be of concern for public health. Coal-fired power plants have resulted in emission of several tons of TEs in environment. These elements mostly evaporate during combustion and condense either homogeneously as sub-micron ash or heterogeneously onto already existing fine ash. The coal-mineral and mineral-mineral associations play an important role in the formation of fine particles and in subsequent condensation of trace elements in various phases. Any retention of these elements in fly ash particles is strongly influenced by their association with other minerals in individual coal and mineral grains. Clean coal technology development is, therefore, a priority area for research and needs continuous improvements in increased efficiency and decreased pollutant emission. The paper will include trace elements in different coals from around the world. It will consider different modes of occurrences present in coals, the ash formation and evaporation of trace elements and emissions. The typical emissions from typical power stations will be presented. The paper will also review different approaches adopted in estimating the deportment of these elements. The paper at the end would discuss control strategies for reducing emissions and future directions.     

工业己二酸中微量铁的测定

采用邻菲啰啉分光光度法对工业己二酸中微量铁进行测定？硬舛ń峁梢钥闯龈梅？准确、简便、快速易掌握。     

工业用丙烯中微量水的测定

为了保证出厂工业用丙烯中的微量水达到国标或企业标准,准确分析出工业丙烯中的微量水非常重要。用卡尔·费休库仑法测定微量水解决了这一问题,测定数据直接反应着工业用丙烯合格与否。     

Quad-cantilever microsensors with a low-cost single-sided micro-machining technique for trace chemical vapor detection

This paper presents a quad-cantilever microsensor for on-the-spot detection of ultra-low concentration chemical vapors. Compared with conventional dual-cantilever sensors, the quad-cantilever configuration can form a fully cantilever-formed Wheatstone-bridge that possesses a higher sensitivity of twofold and more balanced condition to compensate for environmental noise like temperature fluctuation or air flow. Besides, the four integrated micro-cantilevers are made of SiO₂, with each having a single crystal silicon piezoresistor fully encapsulated by SiO₂. Thus, the quad-lever sensor achieves a very low signal noise of 0.2 μV. For specific detection, sensitive molecule layer is self-assembled on two sensing cantilevers, with another two as reference. The sensors are micro-fabricated with a single-side process from the wafer front-side. With wet anisotropic etch used to release the piezoresistive cantilevers, the new fabrication technique features low-cost and high-yield. Self-assembled with a novel dual-branch specific mono-layer, about 100 ppt level trinitrotoluene (TNT) vapor has been rapidly and repeatedly detected.     

冷原子吸收法测定地化样品中痕量汞

在原子吸收分光光度计上,制定出地化样品中痕量汞的冷原子吸收测定方法。实验结果表明,本方法准确可靠,可测定10-9量级的汞,重现性好,共存元素不干扰汞的测定,可满足地化痕量汞的测定。