Injury incidence rates of cyclists compared to pedestrians,car occupants and powered two-wheeler riders,using a medical registry and mobility data,Rhône County,France

Purpose

In France, the bicycle's modal share is stabilizing after a decline; in some of France's major cities, it has even increased since the 1990s. It is hence relevant to improve the knowledge of the injury risk associated with cycling, compared with other means of transport such as car, walking and powered two-wheeler (PTW) riding.

Methods

The injury incidence rates were estimated by the ratio between accident data and mobility (exposure) data. Two accident data sources were used: police data and hospital-based data (outpatients and inpatients) from the Rhône road trauma Registry. This provides four injury categories: all-injury, hospitalization, serious-injury and fatal-injury. Exposure data were estimated from a regional household travel survey (RTS), using three measures of mobility: number of trips, distance traveled and time spent traveling. The survey was carried out from November 2005 to April 2006, on weekdays, outside school and public holidays; this seasonality was corrected using the 2007–2008 national household travel survey (NTS) that covered an entire year. Only information involving accidents and trips in, and residents of, the Rhône County (1.6 million inhabitants, including the city Lyon) were included in our study. Trends of injury rates were also evaluated in Greater Lyon, using previous travel surveys.

Results

The PTW riders had the highest all-injury, hospitalization, serious-injury and fatal-injury rates, followed by cyclists, and lastly by pedestrians and car occupants. The rates between men and women seemed similar among pedestrians and among car occupants. For car occupants, pedestrians and cyclists, the age group 18–25 years had higher all-injury rate compared with the age group 25–65 years. On the contrary, the age group ≥65 years seemed to have higher hospitalization and serious-injury rates, compared with the age group 25–65 years. For cyclists, the injury rates seemed higher in non-dense areas than in dense areas. Between 1996–1997 and 2005–2006 and with regards to time spent traveling, the all-injury, serious-injury and fatal-injury rates seemed to have decreased for car occupants and cyclists.

Conclusion

The higher risk for PTW riders is confirmed and quantified; it is very high. Decrease in injury rates seems more marked for cyclists; this may indicate the “safety in numbers” effect. Countermeasures for improving road safety could be implemented, especially for vulnerable road user types. However, they will not be sufficient to fill in the gap between the much higher risk for PTW riders and that of car occupants. Exposure-based injury rates can be a tool for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of policies and programs, and for comparisons between countries.     

Multimodal research in vision and language: A review of current and emerging trends

Deep Learning and its applications have cascaded impactful research and development with a diverse range of modalities present in the real-world data. More recently, this has enhanced research interests in the intersection of the Vision and Language arena with its numerous applications and fast-paced growth. In this paper, we present a detailed overview of the latest trends in research pertaining to visual and language modalities. We look at its applications in their task formulations and how to solve various problems related to semantic perception and content generation. We also address task-specific trends, along with their evaluation strategies and upcoming challenges. Moreover, we shed some light on multi-disciplinary patterns and insights that have emerged in the recent past, directing this field toward more modular and transparent intelligent systems. This survey identifies key trends gravitating recent literature in VisLang research and attempts to unearth directions that the field is heading toward.     

国际钨市场分析

本文根据笔者于1994年11月3日至4日在美国阿拉巴马州亨茨维尔市召开的在国际钨协（ITIA）第7次年会上搜集到的大量数据和资料，对近几年来国际钨市场的供应和生产、需求量和国内消耗量做了详实的分析，并对今后的发展动向进行了预测．     

Trends in alcohol-impaired driving in Canada

While a general decreasing trend in the number of persons killed in a traffic crash involving a drinking driver has occurred in Canada since the 1980s, it is evident that much of this decrease occurred in the 1990s. Since 2002, less progress has been made as the number of persons killed in crashes involving drinking drivers remains high. To better understand the current situation, this paper describes trends in drinking and driving in Canada from 1998 to 2011 using multiple indicators based on data collected for the Traffic Injury Research Foundation's (TIRF) Road Safety Monitor (RSM), the National Opinion Poll on Drinking and Driving, and trends in alcohol-related crashes based on data collected for TIRF's national Fatality Database in Canada. There has been a continued and consistent decrease in the number of fatalities involving a drinking driver in Canada. This remains true when looking at the number of fatalities involving a drinking driver per 100,000 population and per 100,000 licensed drivers. This decreasing trend is also still apparent when considering the percentage of persons killed in a traffic crash in Canada involving a drinking driver although less pronounced. Data from the RSM further show that the percentage of those who reported driving after they thought they were over the legal limit has also declined. However, regardless of the apparent decreasing trend in drinking driving fatalities and behaviour, reductions have been relatively modest, and fatalities in crashes involving drivers who have consumed alcohol remain high at unacceptable levels.     

Magnitude and categories of pedestrian fatalities in South Africa

Road traffic injuries, a major global public health burden, are concentrated in low-income and middle-income countries.(1) In contrast to high-income countries, pedestrians make up the largest group of road traffic injuries and fatalities in low- and middle-income countries. This article presents an analysis of pedestrian fatalities (2001-2004) in four South African cities. The article describes the magnitude, demographic, and temporal factors associated with pedestrian fatalities and presents a typological analysis to identify particular groups of at risk pedestrians. The analysis can serve to inform the development of prevention programmes tailored to the needs of specific at risk pedestrian groups. Data were obtained from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS). The results indicated that there were a total of 7433 pedestrian deaths (2001-2004) for the four cities and the majority occurred over weekends. Most (56.7%) were between ages 20 and 44 years. Overall, there were 3.3 male pedestrian deaths for every female pedestrian death, and over half (58%) of the 4004 cases tested were positive for alcohol. A typological analysis identified three categories of pedestrian fatalities: (1) male pedestrian fatalities that showed high levels of alcohol concentrations, (2) female and elderly pedestrian deaths that occurred between 6 AM and midday, and (3) children, adolescents, and young adult pedestrian fatalities that typically occurred during weekday afternoons and evenings. The findings call for multiple strategies for combating pedestrian fatalities.     

Water quality trends in the Tarkwa gold-mining district,Ghana

A detailed hydrochemical investigation has been undertaken to establish whether mining has adversely affected streams in the Tarkwa gold-mining district and, if so, to what extent. The results show that streams that pass through mining areas and receive mine water exhibit significant spatial and temporal variations in their major ion hydrochemistry. Water analyses of perceived pristine areas reveal that the study area has undergone silicate weathering, but in mining areas, carbonate weathering was inferred. The inconsistency is attributed to the chemistry of mine waters discharging into receiving streams. This is supported by the average pH values of 6.48 for pristine streams and 7.74 for those affected by mine water. Trace element analysis did not show significant changes from the norm except for discharges from a spoil heap, which exhibited hydrochemical characteristics consistent with acid mine drainage. Saturation indices determined for the water samples reflect the sandstone–quartzite–phyllite lithology and intense weathering regime of the area as a result of the humid tropical climate.     

美国教育技术的应用现状和发展趋势研究

本文分析了教育技术在美国高等教育和企业培训等领域的应用和发展。并指出,教育技术渗透到教学过程是现代和未来教育的发展方向。这种新型教育形式将对现行教育产生积极的影响。     

入世后我国照明产业的机遇和对策的探讨

2001年12月11日中国结束了历时15年之久的“入世谈”，正式加入了世界贸易组织－WTO，从此，中国将真正融入到世界经济的过程中，并在经济全球化的时代大背景下以崭新的姿态参与国际竞争，中国入世必将对国内各行业带来不同程度的冲击，下文就我国照产业的发展状况及入后的就对策略，未来趋势作粗略的剖析和探讨。     

中国铝型材市场及未来发展趋势

随着中国大规模的基建投资和工业化进程的快速推进,铝型材作为建筑领域和机械工业领域里重要的应用材料,产量和消费量迅猛增长,中国成为世界最大的铝型材生产国。本文主要从生产、贸易及消费三方面对铝型材市场进行论述,并对其发展前景及趋势进行分析。