Performance of Φ-Sulfo Fatty Methyl Ester Sulfonate Versus Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate,Secondary Alkane Sulfonate and α-Sulfo Fatty Methyl Ester Sulfonate

Sulfoxidation of fatty acid methyl esters with SO_2, O₂ and ultraviolet light of appropriate wavelength, has led to the synthesis of methyl esters sulfonates or sulfoxylates, known as Φ-MES, because of the possible random position of SO₃ group in the alkyl chain. Aqueous solutions based on the sulfoxylated methyl ester of palmitic acid (Φ-MES C16) have been studied and compared to the leading types of surfactants used today: linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) secondary alkane sulfonate (SAS) and α-sulfo fatty methyl ester sulfonate (α-MES) with regard to solubility, performance and skin compatibility. The experimental results obtained indicate that Φ-MES C16 can be regarded as a potential component of detergent formulations and most likely also of body care products.

电流密度和润湿剂对Ni镀层组织与形貌的影响

采用普通型瓦特液,按照不同的工艺参数在铜材表面电镀镍,通过SEM对镀层表面进行扫描观察和使用XRD测试对镀层表面进行检测,并且对不同样品数据进行对比和分析,从而达到研究电流密度及润湿剂对镀层沉积速度、表面显微形貌和晶粒尺寸的影响的目的.实验结果表明,电流密度的影响非常显著,不同电流密度下的镀层表面形貌和晶粒尺寸存在相应的差别.适量的润湿剂对镀层的沉积具有促进作用,对防止针孔的生成及细化晶粒具有明显的效果.     

Statistical Analysis of Surface Reconstruction Domains on InAs Wetting Layer Preceding Quantum Dot Formation

Surface of an InAs wetting layer on GaAs(001) preceding InAs quantum dot (QD) formation was observed at 300°C with in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Domains of (1 × 3)/(2 × 3) and (2 × 4) surface reconstructions were located in the STM image. The density of each surface reconstruction domain was comparable to that of subsequently nucleated QD precursors. The distribution of the domains was statistically investigated in terms of spatial point patterns. It was found that the domains were distributed in an ordered pattern rather than a random pattern. It implied the possibility that QD nucleation sites are related to the surface reconstruction domains.     

The effect of the substrate on pitch wetting behaviour

The wetting behaviour of a petroleum pitch (modified with a surfactant) and a binder coal-tar pitch was studied using different substrates. The results show that both the pitch and the substrate have a significant influence on wetting behaviour, and consequently, on their mutual interactions during the mixing stage. Low values of surface tension and viscosity in the pitches lead to lower wetting temperatures. It was found that with petroleum coke and magnesia as substrates, the wetting occurs at lower temperatures than with graphite and carbon black for all pitches. Moreover, experiments carried out with amorphous and crystalline alumina revealed that the crystalline order affects the wetting behaviour considerably. Thus, whereas the pitch wets the corundum (crystallized alumina), it does not wet the amorphous alumina (basic, acid and neutral alumina).     

渗透检测中渗透液的润湿现象与接触角

作为渗透检测中的润湿现象有三种方式：即粘湿、浸湿和铺展。若渗透液在固体受检试件表面上的接触角θ≤180°,则可发生粘湿;若接触角θ≤90°,则可发生浸湿;若接触角θ≈0°,则可发生铺展。凡能铺展者,必要浸湿,更能沾湿。渗透检测要求铺展。接触角臼的大小是由在气、液、固三种界面张力的大小所决定的。从接触角口数值大小可看出液体对固体润湿的程度。这些讨论有助于对渗透检测中实际问题的认识。     

Deep soil water recharge response to precipitation in Mu Us Sandy Land of China

Soil water is the main form of water in desert areas, and its primary source is precipitation, which has a vital impact on the changes in soil moisture and plays an important role in deep soil water recharge (DSWR) in sandy areas. This study investigated the soil water response of mobile sand dunes to precipitation in a semi-arid sandy area of China. Precipitation and soil moisture sensors were used to simultaneously monitor the precipitation and the soil water content (SWC) dynamics of the upper 200-cm soil layer of mobile sand dunes located at the northeastern edge of the Mu Us Sandy Land of China in 2013. The data were used to analyze the characteristics of SWC, infiltration, and eventually DSWR. The results show that the accumulated precipitation (494 mm) from April 1 to November 1 of 2013 significantly influenced SWC at soil depths of 0–200 cm. When SWC in the upper 200-cm soil layer was relatively low (6.49%), the wetting front associated with 53.8 mm of accumulated precipitation could reach the 200-cm deep soil layer. When the SWC of the upper 200-cm soil layer was relatively high (10.22%), the wetting front associated with the 24.2 mm of accumulated precipitation could reach the upper 200-cm deep soil layer. Of the accumulated 494-mm precipitation in 2013, 103.2 mm of precipitation eventually became DSWR, accounting for 20.9% of the precipitation of that year. The annual soil moisture increase was 54.26 mm in 2013. Accurate calculation of DSWR will have important theoretical and practical significance for desert water resources assessment and ecological construction.     

用ESCA分析等离子体处理了的氟树脂表面

用微波炉产生的微波对氟树脂进行等离子体处理,用ESCA作了表面分析。处理后的试样在533eV处出现O_(1S)的一大峰,在292eV～285eV间出现C_(1S)的连续宽谱带。氧的导入量随着处理时容器内气压(P)的降低而增大,可见随着P的降低处理的效果增大。为了得到深度方向的分布,采用了氩离子剥蚀法和掠射法。随着剥蚀的进行,由等离子体处理所导入的氧急剧减少。用掠射法测定了刚经过处理的FEP和处理后放置了70小时后的FEP的深度分布。刚处理后的试样,氧量随出射角(θ)的减少(即随分析深度的减小)而增大,氟量则减小。相反,处理后放置70小时,在15°<θ<60°的范围内,氟量增加,氧量减少。这是因为低表面自由能的含氟键段移动到表面上所致。由深度方向的分布的结果可以推断,等离子体处理的效果达到了ESCA在θ=90°的分析深度的一半左右。     

"曼哈顿"现象的成因与防止措施

"曼哈顿"现象是由于再流焊过程中无源元件两端焊盘上锡膏的表面张力不平衡所致,其表现为元器件部分地或完全地竖起.本文对影响"曼哈顿"现象的各种因素的作用做了分析,并提出相应的防止措施.     

Engineering geological properties of Miocene hard clays along the middle line of the North–South Diversion Water Project in China

Miocene hard clays are widely distributed in eastern China and are associated with extensive damage to engineering structures. This paper presents the engineering geological properties of Miocene hard clays along the middle line of the North–South Diversion Water Project (NSDWP), including areas of the Nanyang Basin as well as the Fangcheng-Baofeng and Handan-Yongnian regions. Results of laboratory testing show that beneath the weathering zone the Miocene hard clays have similar engineering geological properties, including a high clay fraction with significant montmorillonite, high physico-chemical activity, high water content and high to very high shrink/swell. The effects of wetting and drying cycles on the swelling potential of the hard clays are summarized and attention drawn to the importance of these when considering excavation and construction.

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Particle Adhesion to Drops

The adhesion of spheroidal particles to spherical drops is calculated and discussed in terms of an equilibrium-penetration index. The present study emphasizes the case of particles that are sufficiently large to affect the drop volume upon penetration. It is shown that the more elongated the particles, the steeper the dependence of the penetration index on the contact angle. The effect of line tension on nanoscale particles is considered. Positive line tensions increase the steepness of the dependence of penetration index on contact angle whereas negative line tensions decrease this dependence. In addition, the energy barrier caused by positive line tensions is presented and discussed.