飞机油箱用网状聚氨酯泡沫的研究进展

综述了近年来飞机油箱用网状聚氨酯泡沫材料的发展,分析了网状聚氨酯泡沫的抑爆机理和主要制备方法,总结了网状聚氨酯泡沫材料的主要性能指标、特点和孔结构特征。     

表面包覆的多金属氧酸盐在膨胀阻燃电缆材料中的抑烟作用

利用硅烷偶联剂对一种Keggin型多金属氧酸盐(十二钼磷酸盐)进行表面包覆处理,然后与膨胀阻燃(IFR)电缆材料共混制备出一种低烟阻燃复合材料,研究了表面包覆的多金属氧酸盐在该复合材料中的抑烟作用,以及对材料性能的影响。结果表明:多金属氧酸盐的引入可以一定程度上抑制材料在燃烧过程中的烟气释放,其中,添加了0.8%-3.0%包覆处理的多金属氧酸盐的IFR电缆材料,其烟密度可以降低15%;另外,该多金属氧酸盐基抑烟剂对IFR电缆材料的力学性能、阻燃性能及电性能等的影响很小。     

Radiation effects on LDPE/EVA blends

Radiation effects of low‐density polyethylene/ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (LDPE/EVA) blends were discussed. EVA content in the LDPE/EVA blends was an enhancement effect on radiation crosslinking of LDPE/EVA blends, and the highest radiation crosslinking was obtained when the EVA content was reached at 30% when irradiated by γ‐ray in air. The phenomenon was discussed with the compatibility, morphology, and thermal properties of LDPE/EVA blends and found that the enhanced radiation crosslinking of the LDPE/EVA blends was proportional to the good compatibility, the increasing degree of the amorphous region's content of the LDPE/EVA blends, and the vinyl acetate content of EVA. We also found that the vinyl acetate of EVA in the blends is easily oxidized by γ‐ray irradiation in air. The possible radiation crosslinking and degradation mechanism of LDPE/EVA blends was discussed quantitatively with a novel method “step‐analysis” process of irradiated LDPE/EVA blends in the thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) technique. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 1296–1302, 2002     

Modeling and experimental verification of radiative transfer of a flat‐plate photoreactor with immobilized photocatalyst

A cost‐effective design of photocatalytic reactor needs efficient contact of the polluted substance with the solid catalyst while uniformly irradiating the solid catalyst with light. In the present paper, an immobilized photocatalyst comprising TiO₂ coated on Pyrex‐glass‐coils (abbreviated hereafter as TGC) was developed, and a flat‐plate photocatalytic reactor packed with TGC was designed. The reactor has some advantages such as low pressure drop, intensification of mass transfer; relatively uniform distribution of light radiation; high ratio of illuminated catalyst surface area to volume, and is flexible enough for large‐scale application. The radiation intensity distribution and the two‐flux model parameters were measured, and the two‐flux model was solved numerically. The experimental values were compared with the theoretical predictions. Good agreement was obtained with a maximum deviation about 10%. Finally, the two‐flux model described the radiation intensity distribution and local volumetric rate of energy absorption in the flat‐plate reactor packed with TGC. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effectiveness of coal mine dust control: A new technique for preparation and efficacy of self-adaptive microcapsule suppressant

This study aims to make full use of the agricultural waste peanut shells to lower material costs and achieve cleaner production at the same time. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) extracted from peanut shells were mixed with acrylic acid (AA) and dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC) to prepare a new type of capsule core (dust suppressant). Then, the self-adaptive AA-DM-CNF/CA microcapsules were prepared under the action of calcium alginate. The infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis results suggest that AA, DMDAAC and CNF have experienced graft copolymerization which leads to the formation of an amorphous structure. The scanning electron microscopy analysis results demonstrate that the internal dust suppressant can expand and break the wall after absorbing water, featuring a self-adaptive function. Meanwhile, the laser particle size analysis results show that the microcapsules, inside which the encapsulated dust suppressant can be observed clearly, maintain a good shape. The product performance experimental results reveal that the capsule core and the capsule wall achieve synergistic dust suppression, thus lengthening the dust suppression time. The product boasts good dust suppression, weather resistance, degradation and synergistic combustion performances. Moreover, this study, as the first report on the development and analysis of dust-suppressing microcapsules, fills in the research gap on the reaction mechanism between dust-suppressing microcapsules and coal by MS simulation. The proposed AA-DM-CNF/CA dust-suppressing microcapsules can effectively lower the dust concentration in the space and protect the physical and mental health of coal workers. In general, this research provides a new insight into the structure control and performance enhancement of dust suppressants. Expanding the application range of microcapsules is of crucial economic and social benefits.     

基于新型三维辐射应力的近岸波流耦合模型

为了合理模拟近岸波流运动,基于考虑海底坡度影响的新型三维辐射应力公式,建立近岸三维波流耦合数学模型. 该模型引入2种波面水滚模式,考虑波浪附加水平紊动效应. 采用大量实测数据对所建模型进行验证. 结果表明,利用该模型可以较好地模拟近岸波浪传播以及增减水、沿岸流、底部离岸流、裂流等不同的近岸波生流现象. 该模型采用的波流耦合方式能够全面地反映近岸波流的相互作用,新型三维辐射应力公式较其他公式可以更准确地描述波生流的垂向结构. 对于不同的近岸流算例,获得更准确的模拟结果可能需要采用不同的水滚模式,说明更具普适性的水滚模型有待进一步的研究. 考虑波浪水平紊动会使模型计算出的流速平面分布更平滑,避免出现过于突兀的流场结果.     

干涉型成像光谱仪在轨辐射定标技术应用

为提高干涉型成像光谱仪空间目标测量精度,降低传感器中各个探测元响应度差异,提升成像光谱仪在轨辐亮度测量准确性。提出了一种基于定标场反射率测量参数结合计算程序仿真与成像仪在轨测量数据比对的空间定标方法。首先在介绍高光谱定标概念的基础上,提出了不同光谱响应函数、不同场地条件下的高精度入瞳亮度计算方法;其次对干涉型成像光谱仪进行在轨相对辐射修正,校正传感器中各探测元相应度差异,利用反射率基法开展了在轨绝对辐射定标试验,针对可见光、近红外波段建立在轨辐射定标计算模型。解决了包括多种反射率场地、高精度测试区域指示的试验方案优化设计问题,实现了星载高分辨率干涉型成像光谱仪的在轨高精度定标。研究结果表明,采用该定标技术使成像光谱仪的在轨测量精度达到5%。此外,定标场地环境条件对模型计算精度有一定影响,大面积均匀场适合采用反射率基法,小面积均匀场则引入邻近像元效应进行计算,通过布设人工指示目标,可提高反射率测量数据的准确性。所采用的定标技术已获得工程应用。     

电网电压不平衡下基于模块化多电平的高压直流输电控制策略

研究了基于多电平变流器(MMC)的两端柔性高压直流(HVDC)输电系统。首先建立了MMC数学模型,分析了MMC内部环流产生的原因以及环流危害,接着研究了HVDC输电系统的工作原理和控制策略。系统的控制逻辑可分为3级,其中最低层控制策略为换流站内的阀级控制,包含MMC的调制方法和环流抑制策略。重点研究了换流站级的双环PI控制和阀级的环流抑制。通过搭建输电系统模型实现了正常工况下理论分析和软件仿真论证,同时设计了非正常工况下经过正负序分离后的双环PI控制方法,实现了电网电压不平衡时系统的稳定控制。     

辐射数据缺失时TMY与逐时值生成方法分析

为解决太阳辐射数据缺失导致无法准确地进行建筑能耗模拟、建筑节能等相关分析,以西安市为例,研究太阳辐射数据缺失时典型气象年(TMY)挑选与逐时辐射预测。首先,通过相关性分析得出容易获取的日照时数与太阳辐射相关性最高,因此在传统Sandia方法的基础上采用日照时数替代辐射的方法挑选TMY,并对挑选结果进行参数对比分析,验证了新参数挑选出TMY的准确性。其次,通过主要太阳辐射影响参数对比,选择合理的预测输入参数,选用处理泛化问题能力较强的神经网络及其优化算法进行逐时辐射预测研究,并将得到的结果与统计模型和观测数据进行对比分析。最后,参照中国建筑节能设计标准建立办公建筑模型,并利用本研究提出的方法得出的气象数据进行建筑能耗模拟验证,分别分析了建筑采暖与制冷能耗的变化情况。结果表明,提出的TMY挑选方法可以很好地解决辐射数据缺失地区挑选TMY的难题,神经网络算法可以对逐时辐射数据进行较精准的预测,为辐射数据缺失研究建筑节能提供新思路。     

γ‐Irradiation preparation of poly(acrylic acid)–chitosan hydrogels for in vitro drug release

Biocompatible and biodegradable pH‐responsive hydrogels based on poly(acrylic acid) and chitosan were prepared for controlled drug delivery. These interpolymeric hydrogels were synthesized by a γ‐irradiation polymerization technique. The degree of gelation was over 96% and increased as the chitosan or acrylic acid (AAc) content increased. The equilibrium swelling studies of hydrogels prepared under various conditions were carried out in an aqueous solution, and the pH sensitivity in a range of pH 1–12 was investigated. The AAc/chitosan hydrogels showed the highest water content when 30 vol % AAc and 0.1 wt % chitosan were irradiated with a 30 kGy dose of radiation. In addition, an increase of the degree of swelling with an increase in the pH was noticed and it had the highest value at pH 12. The drug 5‐fluorouracil was loaded into these hydrogels and the release studies were carried out in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. The in vitro release profiles of the drugs showed that more than 90% of the loaded drugs were released in the first 1 h at intestinal pH and the rest of the drug was released slowly. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3270–3277, 2003