从禅宗到迷宫般的沉醉：圆明园狮子林与苏州狮子林的历史与美学交往

18世纪后期,清高宗乾隆帝在北京圆明园的长春园北侧建造狮子林和西洋楼两处园林。他的狮子林仿建了以假山迷宫闻名的苏州名园狮子林,而西洋楼包含着一个巴洛克式迷宫与错觉透视的戏台。通过对元代至清代有关2个狮子林园的诗词和园记的现象学感知分析与历史诠释学解读,揭示了苏州狮子林园从元代的禅宗空间到明代的幻境,再到清代的沉醉迷宫的美学变迁,以及其对当代精神空间塑造的历史启迪与文化含义。     

干旱区植物种质资源保育及伊犁-吐鲁番国家植物园建设构想

【意义】伊犁-吐鲁番国家植物园是中国唯一一个处于温带大陆气候的植物园,具有独特的地域和生物多样性特点,是干旱区荒漠植物收集、引种、保育的宝库。干旱区内独特且丰富的抗逆生物种质资源,是国民经济可持续发展的重要资源,也是联合国《生物多样性公约》生物多样性保育的重点区域。广泛收集保育干旱区野生植物种质资源并进行有效迁地保育,对保障全球生物资源安全有重要意义。【分析】国家植物园体系在考虑国家重大战略、主要气候类型与典型植被区划特点、生物多样性热点地区、服务经济社会发展需要等因素后,依据国家代表性、保护系统性、社会公益性、管理可行性等准入条件,将伊犁-吐鲁番国家植物园纳入国家植物园体系布局。因此,按照国家植物园体系的主要建设任务,整合中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所在新疆已建的伊犁植物园及吐鲁番沙漠植物园,建设伊犁-吐鲁番国家植物园,是构建干旱区植物迁地保育体系的必然要求。【展望】伊犁-吐鲁番国家植物园旨在构建干旱区植物迁地保育体系,建设集生态保护、物种保育、科学研究、开发利用、实验示范、科普教育和旅游观光为一体的世界最大的综合性干旱区植物园。为实现中国生物多样性保护目标和建设美丽中国奠定基础,并为中国“一带一路”战略实施提供科技支撑及中国方案。     

“西风东渐”的在地实践：汉口租界园林钩沉

汉口在19世纪中叶第二次鸦片战争后被辟为通商口岸,各国租界相继设立,租界园林应运而生,在引入各宗主国园林营造风格的同时,为在留外人提供了亟须的生活与娱乐空间,也是彰显殖民政治霸权的窗口。但有限的土地资源、水患频仍的自然条件,使汉口租界园林规模与发展远不及上海、天津等沿海通商口岸城市,也相应形成了鲜明的“在地性”：各国租界园林以建筑附属园林为主,甚至催生了屋顶花园的园林类型,但也限制了宗主国园林营造风格的充分植入;“公园”这一在其他城市租界早已普及的园林形式,在有效控制水患、进而获得更多可资利用的建设用地之后,才在20世纪20年代经由日本人之手有所建置。此外,各国租界出于营商便利沿长江串联排布,并随之形成了近代汉口特有的外滩“绿带”风景线。汉口租界园林奠定了近代以租界为轴心的绿地系统雏形,促进了华界屋顶花园、营商经营性园林的建设,对汉口的近代化发展具有重要的历史意义。     

关于当前风景园林施工的探讨

由于我国目前的城市化进程在不断加快和加深，这就使得我国在城市环境建设和改造力度上都在不断加大投入，但是由于园林规划的科学性和社会文化的协调性发展不平衡，导致园林施工的水平和技术有着很大的差别。     

A dimensionless approach for the urban-scale evaluation of domestic rainwater harvesting systems for toilet flushing and garden irrigation

A dimensionless methodology to evaluate the water saving obtainable from large-scale implementation of domestic rain water harvesting (RWH) systems in urban areas is presented. The methodology combines the use of regressive relationships for water saving evaluation based on the results of the dimensionless rainwater tank water balance and of catchment-wide information obtained from geospatial databases. The adopted RWH scheme included internal use of rainwater for toilet flushing and external use for garden irrigation. An application to a portion of the city of Rome, Italy showed the methodology to allow systematic and accurate evaluation of RWH system performance at the selected urban scale. Results pointed out high water saving potential for toilet flushing ranging between 38–65% for tank sizes within 1–50 m³. Furthermore, more than one third of the systems provided water saving benefit for irrigation larger than 20% by using a 50 m³ tank.     

由怀晋庄园设计浅谈中国园林文化

园林是人们用自己的双手创造风景的一种艺术。由于各民族、各地区人们对风景的不同理解和偏爱,也就出现了不同风格的园林。中国园林,有着悠久的历史,它那"虽由人作,宛自天开"的艺术原则,熔传统建筑、文学、书画、雕刻和工艺等艺术于一炉的综合特性,在世界园林史上独树一帜,享有很高的地位。     

‘Dig In’ to Social Capital: Community Gardens as Mechanisms for Growing Urban Social Connectedness

This article reports on research undertaken with members of a Melbourne urban community garden to explore the extent to which such a natural amenity provides opportunities for enhancing social capital. It is apparent even from this small qualitative study that membership of ‘Dig In’ community garden offers many benefits to its members. These benefits include increased social cohesion (the sharing of values enabling identification of common aims and the sharing of codes of behaviour governing relationships), social support (having people to turn to in times of crisis) and social connections (the development of social bonds and networks). However, the study indicates that, at least in the early stages of development, such benefits do not necessarily extend beyond the garden setting. This raises a question about the time required to develop high levels of social capital, and points to the need for further research into ‘time’ and ‘space’ aspects of community gardens.     

Prediction of botanical composition in grassland herbage samples by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was evaluated as a method to predict the botanical composition of seminatural grassland in ‘dehesa’ systems. Samples of herbaceous biomass were harvested over four consecutive years, determining in each—by manual separation—the proportion by weight of the following taxonomic groups: grasses, legumes and the rest of the families in a single block (‘others’). After reconstructing the natural samples they were analysed by NIRS. One set of samples (calibration set) was selected for the development of the equations, assaying different mathematical treatments (log l/R, first derivative and second derivative). The ranges of coefficients of multiple determination and standard errors of calibration, respectively, for the various components were: grasses, 0.86 to 0.92 and 6.66 to 9.14; legumes, 0.77 to 0.81 and 6.82 to 7.43; and ‘others’, 0.85 to 0.88 and 8.17 to 9.54. The remaining samples not included in the development of the NIRS equations (prediction set) were used for the purposes of validating the best equations. Standard errors of performance were: grasses, 6.12; legumes, 7.56 and ‘others’, 7.70.     

Green space context and vegetation complexity shape people’s preferences for urban public parks and residential gardens

Landscape preferences shape decision-making and drive the ecological outcomes of urban landscapes. We investigate how people’s landscape preferences are shaped by the green space context (public park vs private residential garden landscapes) and by physical features such as vegetation complexity. A postal questionnaire was sent to households near seven urban parks in Melbourne, Australia. Results showed that landscapes were grouped into four categories based on patterns of preference response. Landscapes with moderate vegetation complexity were placed in separate categories distinguished by green space context (parks vs gardens), while very simple and very complex landscapes were placed in different categories irrespective of green space context. Surprisingly, dense vegetation was highly preferred by respondents. As areas of dense vegetation also provide complex habitats for wildlife, this highlights the possibility of developing policies and designing landscapes that can benefit both people and nature.     

四川传统园林叠山置石艺术探析

四川地区在其独特的地形地貌、气候特征、历史文化及风俗习惯等影响下,产生了具有古朴自然、古雅清旷等气质特点的川派园林风格。通过对四川地区重要传统园林中叠山置石作品的调研,分析其叠山置石艺术手法,进而从叠山置石技法、山石审美艺术及山石造景特征等方面探讨四川传统园林山石艺术的精华。