Constructal design of distributed cooling on the landscape

Here we constructal design to determine the area size (or number of users N) to be allocated to a central refrigeration plant, and to configure the distribution network for the distributed cooling system. The main objective is to maximize the net cooling capacity delivered to every user, and to minimize the pumping power required for transporting the chilled water. Two types of distribution networks are investigated: radial and tree‐shaped networks. First, when ducts with a single diameter are used, the net cooling capacity delivered to every user is almost the same, while the pumping power requirement for the tree network is greater than that for the radial network. Multi‐diameter tree networks are investigated next. The pumping power requirement for multi‐diameter tree‐shaped network is less than for radial network when N is greater than 19 if the flow is laminar, and when N is greater than 80 if the flow is turbulent. The global performance of the area‐based cooling system can be improved by increasing the freedom to morph the configuration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Review of modelling approaches for passive ceiling cooling systems

Passive ceiling cooling systems can lead to reduced cooling requirements, less fan energy and downsized ductwork, compared to conventional all-air systems. Additionally, radiant cooling of occupants allows for improved comfort while allowing for higher operating temperature, improving chiller efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive review of current modelling approaches for passive ceiling cooling systems in order to document the state of the art and identify current research gaps and modelling development needs. Modelling methods are separated in three main categories, based on the domain of interest: component or “passive ceiling cooler” models, “indoor environment” models and “integrated” models. Simplified, detailed and empirical models are presented for each category. Different modelling approaches may be appropriate for different purposes (design vs. control analysis, and system simulation vs. whole building performance). The study summarizes useful findings, modelling limitations and applications, and presents needs for further modelling and simulation research, including passive chilled beams.     

空调冷水系统设计常见问题及对策

为了使中央空调能有效地达到节能降耗，就空调冷水系统设计、调试、运行管理过程中可能出现的问题进行了分析和总结，并提出了所需要采取的技术措施。     

Surimi-Like Products From Mutton

Surimi-like mutton products were produced using hand boned meat (HBM) and mechanically separated meat (MSM). Washing increased moisture and decreased fat and protein in surimi-like products. Collagen solubility and water holding capacity were higher for surimi-like products from MSM when compared to those from HBM. Washing reduced bone content of MSM. Percentage of 14:0, 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1 fatty acids tended to decrease and percentage of polyunsat-urated fatty acids tended to increase with washing. Acceptable restructured beef steaks with reduced salt content were produced when washed HBM or washed MSM were included.     

基于V-Ti-Cr-Mo无限冷硬球墨铸铁轧辊的研究

提高轧辊自给率、降低轧辊消耗及充分利用资源优势，扩大钒钛生铁的应用范围，对提高企业的经济效益具有重要意义。为此，言语中以开发V-Ti-Cr-Mo无限冷硬球墨铸铁轧辊的生产技术为目的，分析了轧辊的使用特点，设计了轧辊的化学成分和生产工艺，并对试样进行了硬度和金相组织分析研究，显示了该轧辊的可行性。     

Species identification of meat products by ELISA

ELISA methods used in this study are proved to detect low contents of animal species (pork, beef, sheep and poultry), even in highly processed foods. They present the advantages of being robust, cheap and easy to perform. Nevertheless, F factors, determining the threshold values of the test, need to be validated for each species.     

主动式冷梁空调系统在五星级酒店中的应用

以某五星级酒店为例,介绍了主动式冷梁空调系统的特点,重点介绍了该空调系统应用于五星级酒店时,在客房空调负荷的计算、冷梁供冷方式、冬季冷梁供热等方面需要注意的事项,以及系统运行时应注意的问题。为该系统应用于五星级酒店的客房提供了参考。     

选用风冷热泵冷热水机组应注意的问题

本文主要介绍了风冷热泵冷热水机组的节流装置,水侧换热器、空气气侧换热器、内置水泵、机组的防腐及布置等问题,以供设计院、施工方和建设方在选择机组时作参考.     

高温水蓄冷过冷空调系统性能研究

阐述了高温水蓄冷过冷空调系统原理，对该新型蓄冷过冷空调系统若干方案进行了选择，特别是对蓄冷水箱的掺混度进行了研究，建立了空调用蓄冷水箱内温度分层特性数理模型，模拟了蓄冷水箱内温度分布规律，并与实验值进行了比较，两者基本吻合，该模型可为水蓄冷系统储水相的设计和运行提供理论依据。     

Alternative fish species for cold-smoking process

Suitability of sardine (lean and fatty), dolphinfish and blue whiting for cold-smoking was evaluated. Stable water-holding capacity was observed in dolphinfish and blue whiting, but this tended to decrease in sardine throughout the storage. The 2-thiobarbituric acid index was not suitable for lipid oxidation measure in these smoked fishes and rancid flavours were only detected in sardine at the end of storage period. Total volatile basic nitrogen tended to increase in all three species. Lactic acid bacteria became the dominant microflora and Enterobacteriaceae did not show any growth. A bacteriostatic effect of at least 21 days was observable in all the smoked species. Sensory shelf life was 11 weeks for both types of sardine and 9 weeks for dolphinfish and blue whiting. Softening of muscle tissue and the development of bitter and off flavours were the main causes of rejection. Smoking as a processing technology can be used to add value to excess sardine and dolphinfish catches, due to sensory acceptability ratings. In contrast, the blue whiting was not suitable for smoking due to unacceptable soft texture, a characteristic of this species.