The kinetics of B‐a and P‐a type copolybenzoxazine via the ring opening process

The structure of benzoxazines is similar to that of phenolic resin through thermal self‐curing of the heterocyclic ring opening reaction that neither requires catalyst nor releases any condensation byproduct. These polybenzoxazine resins have several outstanding properties such as high thermal stability and high glass transition temperature. To better understand the curing kinetics of this copolybenzoxazine thermosetting resin, dynamic and isothermal differential scanning calorimetry measurements were performed. Three models, the Kissinger method, the Flynn–Wall–Osawa method, and the Kamal method, were used to describe the curing process. Dynamic kinetic activation energies based on Kissinger and Flynn–Wall–Osawa methods are 72.11 and 84.06 KJ/mol, respectively. The Kamal method based on an autocatalytic model results in a total order of reaction between 2.66 and 3.03, depending on curing temperature. Its activation energy and Arrhenius preexponential are 50.3 KJ/mol and 7959, respectively. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 730–737, 2005     

Nanobubble generation and its applications in froth flotation (part Ⅲ): specially designed laboratory scale column flotation of phosphate

Froth flotation is used widely for upgrading raw phosphate. The flotation recovery of coarse phosphate (-1.18+0.425 mm) is much lower than that achieved on the -0.425+0.15 mm size fraction. Enhanced recovery of coarse phosphate particles is of great economic and environmental importance for phosphate industry. In this investigation, four different phosphate samples were aquired, characterized and tested in a specially designed laboratory-scale flotation column. Significant recovery improvement of coarse phosphate flotation was achieved using cavitation-generated nanobubble though its effects differ among the four testing phosphate samples. The laboratory-scale flotation column test results indicate that nanobubble increased P2O5 recovery by up to 10%-30% for a given Acid Insoluble (A.I.) rejection, depending on the characteristic of phosphate samples. The improvement ef-fect of nanobubble on the hard-to-float particles was more significant than that on easy-to-float particles, especially at lower col-lector dosages. Nanobubbles reduced the collector dosage by 1/3 to 1/2. Nanobubbles almost doubled the coarse phosphate flotation rate constant and increased the flotation selectivity index by up to 25%.     

Solid state interfacial reactions in electrodeposited Ni/Sn couples

Ni/Sn couples,prepared by sequentially electroplating Ni layers and Sn layers on metallized Si wafers,were employed to study the mierostructures and growth kinetics of Ni-Sn intermediate phases,when the Ni/Sn couples were aged at room temperature or annealed at temperatures from 150 to 225℃for various times.The results show that the NiSn phase and Ni_3Sn_4 phase are formed,respectively,in the aged couples and annealed couples.The Ni_3Sn_4 layer is continuously distributed between the Ni and Sn sides in t...     

Model of cold crystallization of uniaxially oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers

The differential scanning calorimeter heating curves of uniaxially oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers with three peaks were analyzed by using a newly proposed equation. The diffusion-controlled crystallization theory is suitable for describing cold crystallization of uniaxially oriented PET fibers. A crystallization model was proposed based on the kinetic parameters obtained. The model embraces the three sub-processes of crystallization corresponding to different growth geometries. The first sub-process corresponds to the nucleation of ordered molecular segments or the radial growth of preformed nucleus, resulting in the shorter bundle-like entities. The second sub-process corresponds to further growth of the bundle-like crystallites along chain direction, resulting in the longer bundle-like entities. The third sub-process corresponds to the three-dimensional growth of crystallites relating to the random segments, resulting in the spherical entities.     

ZrO2对CaO-SiO2系玻璃析晶的影响

通过DSC曲线研究了不同含量的ZrO2对CaO-SiO2系玻璃析晶的影响,根据JMA方程计算动力学参数(如析晶活化能E、频率因子ν、晶化指数n)。从计算结果可以看出,随着ZrO2含量的增加,析晶活化能E减少,而频率因子ν和晶化指数n增加。当ZrO2含量为7%时,E值最小:235.58kJ/mol;n值最大:4.70。说明ZrO2在CaO-SiO2玻璃体系是有效的晶核剂。     

Preparation and characterization of linear low‐density polyethylene/low‐density polyethylene/TiO2 membranes

Because of their special functions, the application of nanoscale powders has recently attracted both industrial and theoretical interest. In this study, nanoscale TiO₂, which exhibited a special UV absorption and consequent antibacterial function, was added to a low‐density polyethylene/linear low‐density polyethylene hybrid by melt compounding to yield functional composite membranes. TiO₂ exhibited an apparent induced nucleation effect on the crystallization of polyethylene, and the size of the crystallites decreased while the number increaed with the introduction of TiO₂; however, the crystallinity of polyethylene changed little. Also, TiO₂ exhibited an ideal dispersion in the membrane with an average size less than 100 nm, and this excellent dispersion provided the membranes extra UV absorption; moreover, the transparency of the membranes was maintained to satisfy common requirements. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 216–221, 2005     

Kinetics of Slag Hydration in the Presence of Calcium Hydroxide

The reaction between ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) having an empirical formula of C_7.88S_7.39M₃A and calcium hydroxide (CH) was investigated. The kinetics of the reaction were explored. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to monitor the consumption of CH from which rate constants were determined. Based on Knudsen's kinetic model, activation energies of 14.5, 17.9, and 22.6 kJ/mol were determined for three different mass ratios of slag and CH reacted over a temperature range of 15° to 50°C and hydrated for a period of time from 0 to 32 days. A comparison of the kinetics of the slag/CH reaction was made with slag/portland cement hydration. The basic features of both appear similar.     

2-（4-氯苯氨基）甲基苯酚降解的动力学研究

采用高效液相色谱技术,开展了Fenton试剂对2-（4-氯苯氨基）甲基苯酚（CMP）的氧化降解动力学的研究。考察了初始双氧水摩尔浓度、亚铁离子摩尔浓度和温度等因素对CMP降解速率的影响,结果表明,当双氧水摩尔浓度、亚铁离子摩尔浓度增大和温度升高时,CMP的氧化速率明显加快。在30~45℃的温度范围内,其氧化降解符合假一级反应动力学模型,反应的表观活化能Ea为102.90kJ/mol。     

硝硫混酸与Ag、Cu反应的动力学

用失重法探讨了硝硫混酸此例、浸出温度和时间等因素对银的溶解和铜的钝化的影响。结果表明:在一定的[HNO_3]范周内,较高温度时,银的溶解符合一级反应规律;求得银的溶解量与时间、HNO_3起始浓度等的关系式和相应的反应活化能;铜在此条件时是钝化的。本实验再一次证实了银的溶解和铜的钝化机理的正确性,也为银、铜的分离提供了实验依据。     

High-temperature oxidation of pure titanium in CO2 and Ar-10%CO2 atmospheres

The oxidation behavior of pure titanium has been investigated in the temperature range of 1000 K to 1300 K in CO₂ or Ar-10%CO₂. Optical microscopy, electron probe microanalyses, and X-ray measurements on the oxide scales formed during oxidation indicate that their structures are nearly independent of temperature and the corrosion atmosphere. The scales consisted of two layers, an external one and an internal one, having a rutile (TiO₂) structure. The parabolic rate law was confirmed for growth of the external scale and the permeation depth of oxygen in titanium with apparent activation energies of 266 and 226 kJ/mol, respectively. The rate-determining diffusion species in the oxidation processes are discussed.