交联羧甲基瓜尔胶的制备

以植物瓜尔胶为原料、环氧氯丙烷为交联剂、氯乙酸为羧甲基化试剂,制备了交联羧甲基瓜尔胶。研究了环氧氯丙烷的用量、氯乙酸的用量、氢氧化钠的用量及反应温度对产品取代度的影响;考查了产品糊的耐温性能,并用FT-IR对产品的结构进行了表征。实验结果表明:配料质量比瓜尔胶∶环氧氯丙烷∶氢氧化钠∶氯乙酸为1.00∶0.015∶0.45∶0.40,反应温度50℃时,产品的取代度达最高0.340。FT-IR分析结果表明,瓜尔胶分子中引入了羧甲基基团,交联羧甲基瓜尔胶成功制备。与原瓜尔胶糊相比,产品糊的耐温性能得到改善。      

玉米磷酸酯淀粉取代度对其特性影响研究

选取不同取代度的玉米磷酸酯淀粉,通过实验研究不同取代度的磷酸酯淀粉对其透明度、黏度、凝沉性、冻融稳定性、流变学特性等的影响,并分析其影响因素。结果表明:玉米淀粉磷酸酯化后其透明度、黏度、凝沉性、冻融稳定性和流变学特性相比原淀粉都有明显的提高和改善,其中淀粉糊化后的透明度和黏度随着取代度的增加而先升高后降低,酯化反应并未破坏淀粉的颗粒结构,只是在原来的淀粉分子链上增加了新的基团。     

发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉对中华鳖生长性能、体成分及肠道消化酶活性的影响

研究添加不同水平发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉对中华鳖生长性能、体组成及肠道相关消化酶活性的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,发酵豆粕替代15％鱼粉组中华鳖的增重率、成活率、饵料系数、摄食率和特定生长率均提高显著且达到最高;不同水平发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对中华鳖的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量影响不显著;当发酵豆粕替代量小于等于15％时,消化酶活性没有显著性差异。本试验发酵豆粕替代中华鳖配合饲料中鱼粉的适宜量为15％。     

Hydroxypropylated microcrystalline pea starch: optimisation,functional characterisation

Pea starch (PS) appears to be very attractive for the peculiar physicochemical characteristics, which is used for the vermicelli, film‐forming material due to the high amylose content. The aim of this study was to optimise the hydroxypropylation technology parameters of the microcrystalline pea starch based on pea starch as a raw material, hydrochloric acid as an hydrolysis reagent, epoxy propane as an etherisation reagent by the Box–Behnken method. The thermal properties of hydroxypropylated microcrystalline pea starch were characterised by the thermogravimetric analyser and differential scanning calorimeter, respectively. Through the analysis of Design‐Expert software, the regression model and corresponding variances were obtained. In this case, the determination coefficient (R²) was 0.9631. This implied that 96.31% of the variation could be explained by the regression model. The best reaction conditions for preparing the hydroxypropylated microcrystalline pea starch were as follows: reaction temperature 40 °C, reaction time 16 h, amount of epoxy propane 14%, amount of sodium hydroxide 1.2% and amount of anhydrous sodium sulphate 12%. After the microcrystalline pea starch was hydroxypropylated, its peak temperature, melting enthalpy, temperature range of the endothermic peak increased, but its the thermal stability, onset temperature decreased.     

芦苇预水解废液中半纤维素的改性与应用

以芦苇预水解废液中分离的半纤维素为原料,通过醚化反应对其进行改性,制备了不同取代度的阳离子半纤维素.讨论了醚化剂(阳离子试剂)和催化剂(NaOH)用量、反应时间及温度对取代度的影响.结果表明,当醚化剂与半纤维素质量比0.8、NaOH与半纤维素质量比0.08、反应时间2h、温度60℃时,可得到取代度为0.0217的阳离子半纤维素.通过红外光谱对改性前后半纤维素的结构进行表征,结果表明,改性半纤维素大分子链上具有阳离子基团,证实了半纤维素确实发生了阳离子化反应.改性后的阳离子半纤维素添加到纸浆中对成纸有明显的增强作用.     

杏鲍菇多糖的分离纯化、乙酰化修饰及其抗氧化活性

目的:分离纯化杏鲍菇多糖,对其进行乙酰化修饰,并研究修饰前后以及不同取代度对多糖抗氧化活性的影响。方法:水提醇沉法制备杏鲍菇多糖,经DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换柱、Sephacryl-S400分子筛色谱柱分离纯化获得均一组分,采用乙酸酐法对其进行乙酰化修饰,制备三个不同取代度的乙酰化杏鲍菇多糖,采用体外抗氧化模型评价乙酰化杏鲍菇多糖的活性。结果:杏鲍菇多糖经分离纯化得到组分PEP-I-1,乙酰化修饰得到三个乙酰化产物Ac-PEP-I-1-a、Ac-PEP-I-1-b和Ac-PEP-I-1-c,取代度分别为0.132、0.406和0.537。杏鲍菇多糖修饰前后对自由基均具有清除作用,且呈现一定的剂量关系。结论:乙酰化修饰提高了杏鲍菇多糖对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力,取代度越大,清除能力越强;乙酰化修饰减弱了对DPPH自由基的清除作用,且取代度越大,清除能力越弱。     

机械活化固相化学反应制备木薯醋酸酯淀粉

为获得制备醋酸酯淀粉的新工艺,采用机械活化固相化学反应法制备木薯醋酸酯淀粉。以醋酸酯淀粉的取代度为评价指标,分别探讨醋酸酐用量、NaOH用量、球磨温度、球磨时间、搅拌速度、球磨介质的堆体积等因素对木薯淀粉醋酸酯反应的影响,并对影响因素进行了正交优化。结果表明:在醋酸酐质量分数60%、NaOH质量分数2.0%、球磨温度60℃、球磨时间60 min、搅拌速度380 r/min、球磨介质堆体积500 mL的反应条件下,制备得到的木薯醋酸酯淀粉的取代度为0.263 2,反应效率为25.57%。并采用红外光谱(FTIR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)对木薯醋酸酯淀粉的结构进行了表征。机械活化对淀粉发生酯反应有显著的强化作用。     

半干法制备高取代度阳离子淀粉及表征

以玉米淀粉为原料,利用N-(2,3- 环氧丙基)三甲基氧化铵(GTA)为醚化剂,在NaOH 为催化剂条件下,通过半干法制备阳离子淀粉。实验表明：对阳离子淀粉取代度(DS)影响的因素顺序依次为：反应时间＞反应温度＞体系中含水量＞氢氧化钠用量。当淀粉用量为10g、GTA 用量为1.5g、NaOH 0.2g、反应温度80℃、反应时间4h、体系中含水量24% 时,DS 可达到0.105。对不同取代度的阳离子淀粉进行理化性质分析及表征,结果表明：阳离子淀粉的透明度、溶解度均随着取代度的增高有所增加。通过对阳离子淀粉进行红外光谱、偏光分析和X 射线衍射分析,证实取代反应过程中淀粉结构发生了一定程度的变化。     

羧甲基淀粉钠对纸张增强性能的研究

对作为纸张增强剂的羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS)的增强机理进行了初步的研究。结果表明,CMS对纸张有明显的增强效果,且不同品种的CMS增强效果是有差异的;CMS溶液中氯化物含量越高,对纸张的增强效果起到的积极作用越大;取代度对CMS的纸张增强效果有很大的影响,高取代度的CMS和低取代度的CMS比中等取代度的CMS对纸张的增强效果要好;在pH=7.0～7.5时,CMS的增强效果最好。对于PAE/CMC二元增强系统,可以用CMS浆内添加来替代CMC。     

Milk response to concentrate supplementation of high producing dairy cows grazing at two pasture allowances

Twenty multiparous Holstein cows (four ruminally cannulated) in five 4 x 4 Latin squares with 21-d periods were used to study the effect of concentrate supplementation when grazed at two pasture allowances. The four dietary treatments resulted from the combination of two pasture allowance targets (low, 25 vs. high, 40 kg of dry matter/cow per day) and two concentrate supplementation levels (zero vs. 1 kg of concentrate/4 kg of milk). Concentrate supplementation decreased pasture dry matter intake 2.0 kg/d at the low pasture allowance (17.5 vs. 15.5 kg/d) and 4.4 kg/d at the high pasture allowance (20.5 vs. 16.1 kg/d). Substitution rate was lower at the low pasture allowance (0.26 kg pasture/kg concentrate) than at the high pasture allowance (0.55 kg of pasture/kg of concentrate). Total dry matter intake of both supplemented treatments averaged 24.4 kg/d. Milk production of both supplemented treatments averaged 29.8 kg/d, but was increased with higher pasture allowance in the unsupplemented treatments (19.1 vs. 22.2 kg/d). Milk response to concentrate supplementation was 1.36 and 0.96 kg of milk/kg of concentrate for the low and high pasture allowances, respectively. Concentrate supplementation reduced milk fat percentage but increased milk protein percentage. Rumen pH and NH3-N concentration were decreased with concentrate supplementation. Substitution rate was likely related to both negative associative effects in the rumen (reductions in rumen pH, rate of pasture digestion, and NDF digestibility) and reductions in grazing time. The latter was more important, quantitatively explaining at least 80% of the reduction in pasture dry matter intake observed.