Dispersion—flocculation studies on a Goethite-clay system

Dispersion–flocculation studies on a Goethite–clay system using flocculants were carried out as a function of flocculant concentrations, pH of slurry, time of agitation and dispersant dosage. Also, the effects of pH and polymer concentrations on the adsorption behaviour of the system were investigated. Results show that well flocculated goethite was preferentially obtained from 4% goethite/kaolinite clay suspensions, with 50 ppm causticised starch in the slurry at pH values of 3–11·5 and with 50 ppm polyacrylamide at pH values of 3–8. Good flocs were also obtained on flocculation of the goethite suspension with 50 ppm polyacrylamide at pH values of 5–7, while the kaolinite suspension did not respond to the same dosage of causticised starch in the same pH range. Results further reveal that for the goethite/kaolinite suspension, the best results was obtained with 50 ppm polyacrylamide at pH values of 7–10. Based on the data generated in the study, it was concluded that causticised starch is a better flocculant than polyacrylamide for goethite suspensions although polyacrylamide is an excellent flocculant for kaolinite suspensions.     

Works of adhesion at the carbon fiber-liquid interface determined using a modified wetting technique

Works of adhesion W_SL between aqueous solutions with pH values in the range from 1 to 14 and carbon fibers from different sources, which were additionally treated in an inert atmosphere or in oxygen, were measured by use of a microbalance. These works of adhesion W_SL were found to show distinct stepwise dependencies on the pH value. The works of adhesion W_SL are attributed to dispersion interactions W_SL¹ and various acid-base interactions w_sl^ab—in the latter case between the acidic and basic surface groups of carbon and the various basic and acidic aqueous solutions.     

Electrical characterization of waterside corrosion films formed on ZrNb(1%)O(0.13%)

Oxide films formed by water oxidation at 360°C on ZrNb(1%)O(0.13%) for several durations (50-300 days) were studied by impedance spectroscopy (IS) in gaseous atmosphere. The electrical behavior of oxide layers was investigated as a function of the temperature (25-300°C) at constant oxygen partial pressure (0.3 Pa). Cole-Cole diagrams suggest a frequency-temperature equivalence. A simple electrical model has been derived from the as-deduced 14 decade master curve. Equivalent circuit includes a series association of two layers exhibiting different dielectric properties: a dense layer near the oxide-metal interface and a porous layer at the waterside. Electronic conductivity is predominant within the whole temperature range, but ionic contribution was proposed to increase for temperature higher than 170°C. During the parabolic oxidation step, the oxide thickness of the barrier layer increases but oxide growth would not be only a geometrical one. The kinetic modification to a constant oxidation rate was observed to be correlated to the increase of the dense layer thickness. Such a behavior suggests that the mechanism controlling oxidation rate is not a pure mechanism of oxygen diffusion through this layer. Finally, a qualitative model of activated electrons transport based on an hopping mechanism was proposed in order to take into account that the Arrhenius diagrams of both total conductivity and dispersion factor are characterized by a break point with two activation energy values.     

Aqueous Processing and Stabilization of Manganese Zinc Ferrite Powders via a Passivation–Dispersion Approach

A dispersion scheme for aqueous processing of manganese zinc ferrite suspensions is presented. The addition of oxalic acid leads to the formation of a uniform negative charge on the surface such that a cationic polyelectrolyte, polyethyleneimine (PEI), adsorbs and provides electrosteric dispersion. At 0.5 w/w (weight percent with respect to the dry powder) oxalic acid addition, there is a relatively uniform negative surface charge (approximately −30 mV) within the suspension pH range investigated (3–10), eliminating the isoelectric point (pH ∼7.6) present for the as-received metal oxide powder. At the addition of 0.5 w/w PEI on an oxalate-treated surface, the surface charge is constant and positive (∼20 mV) through a wide pH range, ∼5–10. The resulting rheological data for passivation–dispersion of relatively high-solids manganese zinc ferrite suspensions (∼80 wt%) demonstrate improved colloid stability with improved rheological properties. The resulting apparent viscosity and Bingham yield point is 0.01 Pa·s (12.0 cP) and 0.24 Pa (2.4 dynes/cm²), respectively. A sulfonated napthalene-based dispersant, typically used in industry, gives an apparent viscosity and Bingham yield point of 0.03 Pa·s (32 cP) and 3.1 Pa (31 dynes/cm²), respectively.     

Determination of gas dispersion in vapor extraction of heavy oil and bitumen

In this work, a mathematical model is developed and simulated to determine gas dispersion along with solubility during the vapor extraction (Vapex) of live oil from a laboratory scale physical model. The physical model is a rectangular block of homogenous porous medium saturated with heavy oil and bitumen. At a given temperature and pressure, the block is initially exposed on its side to a solvent gas, which diffuses into the medium and gets absorbed. The absorption of gas reduces the viscosity of heavy oil and bitumen causing it to drain under gravity. The low-viscosity “live oil” is produced at the bottom of the porous block. The production of live oil with time is accompanied by the shrinkage of oil in the block as well as its increased exposure to gas from top. These phenomena of Vapex are described by the mathematical model, which is used to calculate live oil production with various values of gas solubility and dispersion. Their optimal values are determined for the vapor extraction of Cold Lake bitumen with butane by matching calculated live oil production with its experimental values published earlier.     

Dispersion characterization in layered double hydroxide/Nylon 66 nanocomposites using FIB imaging

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), a newly emerging 2D host material, consist of cationic brucite-like layers and exchangeable interlayer anions. In this work, the morphology and dispersion of LDH particles in LDH/Nylon 66 (salt) nanocomposites has been investigated using focused ion beam (FIB) techniques, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The FIB images show that LDHs are present in the polymer phase dispersed to different degrees, with partial intercalation, exfoliation, and aggregation all being observed. The most even dispersion was achieved in nanocomposites with the lowest loading (0.5 wt % LDH). Residual tactoids and agglomerates were most common in the samples made with the highest concentration of LDHs studied here (5 wt %). The dispersion observed using FIB was consistent with TEM and XRD analysis, yet this technique had significant benefits in terms of time and simplicity over these “conventional” technologies. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

WC含量对弥散强化铜Cu/WC组织与性能影响的研究

对以WC粒子为第二相的弥散强化铜材料的组织与性能进行了研究。在同样条件下，用机械混料方法制备了不同WC含量的Cu/WC复合材料，分别测定了其密度，电阻率和硬度，结果表明：WC粒子是一种较为理想的弥散相，并且WC体积含量为1.2%时，细小的球形状第二相粒子均匀分布，弥散效果好，材料密度，硬度较高，而电阻率较小，综合性能较好。     

利用Love波特性计算地基动力响应

本文利用Love波弥散特性在频域上对地基出平面振动及扭振问题进行了研究。在计算区域内结构将采用有限单元划分,而在边界上则根据Love 面波特性使用传递边界有限单元。本文同时讨论了不同模态波对结构动力响应的贡献。本文方法也适合于静力分析。     

一种新型的基于LP01模的双模色散补偿光纤

通过计算机模拟发现在可传输双模的三包层色散补偿光纤中如果抑制ＬＰ０２模，而仅传输ＬＰ０１模时能在一个较窄的带宽内产生大于数千ｐｓ／ｎｍ·ｋｍ的负色散，并且具有较大的模场直径、较小的弯曲损耗和偏振模色散，另外还具有较小的温度波长漂移以及同其它色散补偿光纤一样大小的损耗，是一种非常有前途的新型色散补偿光纤     

高能超声作用下数种金属基复合材料的制备及机制

利用高能超声振动制备了A l/陶瓷, ZA 22/陶瓷(粒子平均直径2L) ,A l/P b (Pb 粒子直径< 25L) 和A l/F eA l₃等金属基复合材料, 弥散相在基体中有良好的分布均匀性。依据超声波对熔体作用时的空化和声流效应, 讨论了上述数种复合材料的制备机制。试验结果显示, 该项技术在制备数类金属基复合材料方面具有广泛的适用性。