UNIQUENESS CONDITIONS OF CL-STRUCTURES IN GL-STRUCTURE EQUIVALENCE CLASSES OF SYSTEM RECONSTRUCTABILITY ANALYSIS

This paper first introduces the basic notions of overall systems with logical relations, their subsystems, structure representation graphs, sets of H-structures and G-structures with logical relations S _H ^L and S _G ^L, immediate refinement and aggregate with logical relations, structure-graph mappings r_V ^L, r_G ^L, etc., and the notions of inclusiveness with logical relations, upper bounding and lower bounding with logical relations. Then it proves the sufficient conditions under which representation graphs R ^L form a lattice. By defining the least upper bound and largest lower bound of (R^L, ) and recommending a lemma on distributivity, this paper proves the sufficient conditions under which G-structures with logical relations form Boolean lattices. Finally after defining the M-structures and C-structures with logical relations, i.e. M-structures and C-structures, this paper proposes the sufficient conditions for the uniqueness of C-structures in G-structure equivalence classes, and proves that the C ^L-structure is the least refined GL-structure in equivalence class S _G ^L/r _G ^L.     

Non‐certainty equivalent adaptive control for lower triangular systems based on dynamic scaling and filter

A new adaptive controller is designed on the basis of dynamic scaling and filter for lower triangular systems. Compared with the available adaptive results in the literature, the proposed adaptive approach does not necessarily need to satisfy the certainty equivalence principle and allows for prescribed dynamics to be assigned to the parameter estimation error. The proposed adaptive state feedback controller that ensures all signals of closed‐loop systems are globally bounded while keeping the output tracking error to the origin simultaneously. It is interesting to note that, viewed from a Lyapunov perspective, the proposed method provides a procedure to add cross terms between the parameter estimates and the system states in every design step. Finally, two comparatively simulation examples are given, highlighting the advantages of the proposed methodology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluating and quantifying the liming potential of phosphate rocks

The liming potential of phosphate rock was evaluated with theoreticalcalculations and quantified by laboratory titration and soil incubation. Threeanions present in the carbonate apatite structure of phosphate rock that canconsume protons and cause an increase in pH when dissolved from apatite arePO₄ ^3–, CO₃ ^2–, andF^–. The pKa for HF is so low that F^– has verylittle effect on increasing pH. The pKa for 2 protons onH₂PO₄ ^– and H₂CO₃are sufficiently high enough to cause an increase in pH withPO₄ ^3– and CO₃ ^2–releasedinto solution if the pH range is between 4 and 6. Because of the greater molarquantity of PO₄ ^3– compared toCO₃ ^2–, PO₄ ^3– exerts agreater affect on the liming potential of P rock. For a variety of phosphaterocks with a axes ranging from 9.322 to 9.374 Å in the carbonate apatitestructure, the theoretical % calcium carbonate equivalence (CCE) rangesfrom 59.5 to 62%. With the presence of gangue carbonate minerals from2.5to 10% on a weight basis in the phosphate rocks, the theoretical%CCE ranges from 59.5 to 63.1%. Use of AOAC method 955.01 forquantifying the %CCE of North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) and Idahophosphate rock (IDPR) resulted in %CCE ranging from 39.9 to 53.7%which were less than the theoretical values. The lower values measured in theAOAC method was presumed to be due to formation of CaHPO₄ orCaHPO₄·2H₂O precipitates which would result inlessthan 2 protons neutralized per mole of PO₄ ^3–released from carbonate apatite. The highly concentrated solution formed in themethod was considered not indicative of a soil solution and thus determined%CCE values would be suspect. A soil incubation study was conducted todetermine a more appropriate %CCE value in a soil environment usingCopper Basin, Tennessee soil with a soil pH of 4.2. Agricultural limestone,NCPR, IDPR, and a granulated IDPR were added to 100 g of soil atrates of 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 g/kg soil, incubated for 105 daysat field moisture capacity, and analyzed for changes in soil pH and P. The%CCE of each phosphate rock addition was determined using limestone as astandard curve. The relationship between %CCE and % dissolved Pfollowed a quadratic model where%CCE=8.47+0.0078(%dissolved P)² (r²=0.84).At 0% dissolved P, the model predicted 8.47% CCE which wasprobably due to gangue carbonate minerals. The experimental model showedqualitative agreement with theory showing increased liming ability withincreased dissolved P from the P rock. However, the model showed lower%CCE than theoretical calculations when %P dissolved ranged from20 to 60%.     

Convergence analysis of cautious control

~~Convergence analysis of cautious control1 Goodwin G C, Sin, K S. Adaptive Filtering, Prediction and Control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1984 2 Cains P E. Linear Stochastic Systems. New York: Wiley, 1988 3 Astrom K J, Wittenmark B. Adaptive…     

An Equivalence between SILF-SVR and Ordinary Kriging

Support vector regression (SVR) is a powerful learning technique in the framework of statistical learning theory, while Kriging is a well-entrenched prediction method traditionally used in the spatial statistics field. However, the two techniques share the same framework of reproducing kernel Hilbert space. In this paper, we first review the formulations of SILF-SVR where soft insensitive loss function is utilized and ordinary Kriging, and then prove the equivalence between the two techniques under the assumption that the kernel function is substituted by covariance function.     

移源法及其新应用

用 2 b方程证明移源法 ,并得出它的推论 ;在此基础上 ,给出了移源法的新应用——消去受控源     

一种绘制P-V曲线的快速方法

回顾了电压稳定的基本概念 ,提出了一种静态等值的新方法 ;同时提出了利用该方法的静态等值结果 ,快速绘制P V、Q V曲线的方法。数字仿真结果表明 ,该方法与实际潮流计算绘制的P V、Q V曲线在上半支和鼻形点附近均吻合得很好 ,从而验证了该方法的有效性。     

论高压直流开断试验回路等价性

本文针对电容储能高压直流开断试验回路的等价性展开讨论,研究了不同时延t_d对开断电流I_0的影响,从而提出了最佳等价时延t_(de)和最佳开断时延t_(dp)的概念,为开展高压直流开断技术的研究提供依据和参考。     

Crouzeix-Raviart元的L~p(1

冷向 《安徽建筑工业学院学报》1996,(3)