亚铁血红素的酶法制备及其保护工艺

选用碱性和风味酶对血红蛋白进行复合酶解制取亚铁血红素,分别利用单因素、正交和回归试验优化水解条件,且采用单一抗氧化剂、还原剂及抗氧化剂/还原剂组合保护亚铁血红素中的二价铁。试验结果表明:在碱性蛋白酶底物质量分数为7%,酶质量分数为1%,pH值为8,酶解2h,二次酶解风味酶pH值为6.5,酶质量分数为2%,继续酶解2h,亚铁血红素得率可达到11.18mg/mL;保护剂亚硫酸钠(0.03%)/L-抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯(0.03%)的亚铁保护性能最强,可使亚铁血红素得率达到12.60mg/mL,提高了11.27%。     

Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 by Whisky Congeners in Human Endothelial Cells

Abstract: It is expected that the production of the cytoprotective heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein in endothelial cells would reduce severity of vascular injuries, while phenolic compounds are known to induce HO-1 mRNA and protein in various cells. We investigated the activation of HO-1 by whisky, which contains various phenolic substances. The congeners of whisky stored from 4 to 18 y in oak barrels were shown to induce an increase of HO-1 protein in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, while those of freshly distilled whisky spirit exhibited no activity. To determine the compounds with potent HO-1-inducing activity among the whisky congeners, several chemicals that had been reported to exist in whisky or oak barrels were screened, and coniferyl aldehyde and sinapyl aldehyde showed the activity. Thus, compounds that emerged in whisky during barrel storage induced cytoprotective protein, HO-1, in human endothelial cells.     

酶法提取猪血中血红素的工艺研究

研究了酶法提取猪血中血红素的工艺条件,确定了用20万U·g-1中性蛋白酶从猪血中提取血红素的最佳工艺条件为:加酶量2%、底物浓度5%、酶解温度50℃、酶解时间10 h,在此条件下,血红素的相对得率达到77.2%.     

Mechanisms Linking Colorectal Cancer to the Consumption of (Processed) Red Meat: A Review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. The vast majority of CRC cases have been linked to environmental causes rather than to heritable genetic changes. Over the last decades, epidemiological evidence linking the consumption of red and, more convincingly, of processed red meat to CRC has accumulated. In parallel, hypotheses on carcinogenic mechanisms underlying an association between CRC and the intake of red and processed red meat have been proposed and investigated in biological studies. The hypotheses that have received most attention until now include (1) the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic aromatic amines, two groups of compounds recognized as carcinogenic, (2) the enhancing effect of (nitrosyl)heme on the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds and lipid peroxidation. However, none of these hypotheses completely explains the link between red and processed red meat intake and the CRC risk. Consequently, scientists have proposed additional mechanisms or refined their hypotheses. This review first briefly summarizes the development of CRC followed by an in-depth overview and critical discussion of the different potential carcinogenic mechanisms underlying the increased CRC risk associated with the consumption of red and processed red meat.     

Characterization of heme-coordinating histidyl residues of an engineered six-coordinated myoglobin mutant based on the reactivity with diethylpyrocarbonate, mass spectrometry, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

A genetically engineered porcine myoglobin triple mutant (H64V/V68H/H93A) (VHA-Mb) contains 6 non-axial His residues (His24, His36, His48, His81, His82, and His119) besides two candidate axial His residues (His68 and His97). Although previous resonance Raman study on the ferric VHA-Mb were not conclusive for its coordination structure, present EPR parameters of the ferric VHA-Mb were consistent with bis-imidazole coordination of His68/His97. We further investigated the reactivity of these possible His ligands with diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) to clarify the coordination structure and their protonation states in ferric form. We found that the non-axial His residues were easily modified with a low concentration of DEPC based on UV spectral changes and MALDI-TOF-MS analyses. On the other hand, the two candidate axial His ligands were protected from the modification due to a limited steric exposure of their imidazoles to solvent, the Fe(3+)-N(epsilon2) coordination bond, and the protonation of N(delta1) by forming a hydrogen bond with their immediate surroundings. However, once N-carbethoxylation occurred at N(epsilon2) of His97, resulting in a disruption of the heme Fe(3+)-N(epsilon2) coordination bond, it facilitated the second N-carbethoxylation to take place at N(delta1) of the same imidazole ring, leading to a bis-N-carbethoxylated derivative and further to a ring-opened derivative. These phenomena were consistent with the bis-His68/His97 coordination. Further, these were not observed at all for cytochrome b(561), a transmembrane di-heme containing protein responsible for the ascorbate-specific transmembrane electron transfer, where only a specific N(delta1)-carbethoxylation of axial His occurred at a low concentration of DEPC, leading to an inhibition of the electron acceptance from ascorbate without a release of the heme. These distinct results might be related to a specific physiological mechanism being operative at the cytosolic heme center of cytochrome b(561).     

富血红素多肽产物制备用酶的比较研究

为筛选适于生产富血红素多肽产物的蛋白酶,比较不同蛋白酶对猪血红蛋白的水解效果。在AS1398 中性蛋白酶、2709 碱性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶的最适水解pH 值及温度下,以L16(45)正交试验研究酶种类、酶质量分数、底物质量分数和水解时间等因素对水解率、水解液中粗多肽含量和血红素含量等指标的影响。结果表明：酶种类和水解时间两因素对水解率指标的影响达到极显著水平(P ＜ 0.01);底物质量分数是影响粗多肽含量指标的最重要因素;酶种类对血红素含量指标的影响则达到显著性水平(P ＜ 0.05)。中性蛋白酶有利于提高水解率,木瓜蛋白酶有利于提高水解物的粗多肽含量,而碱性蛋白酶则有利于提高水解物的血红素含量。     

Heme alkylation by artesunic acid and trioxaquine DU1301, two antimalarial trioxanes

The sesquiterpene Artemisinin, an antimalarial drug that is effective against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains, contains a 1,2,4-trioxane, and the endoperoxide function plays a key role in its biological activity. However, its poor solubility means that hemisynthetic derivatives, such as artesunic acid, are preferred for drugs.The reductive activation of the peroxide function of artemisinin by iron(II)-heme produces heme derivatives that are alkylated at meso positions by a C-centered radical derived from artemisinin. We checked if the alkylating ability of trioxane-based drugs toward heme, which might be related to its parasiticidal activity, is a general feature by comparing the chemical reactivity toward heme of the clinically relevant derivative artesunic acid and DU1301, a drug of the trioxaquine family, that is active against P. falciparum. Both artesunic acid and trioxaquine DU1301 efficiently alkylated the heme macrocycle after activation of their peroxide function by the iron(II) of heme itself and thus gave rise to covalently coupled heme-drug products. This heme-drug adduct formation might be related to the high antimalarial activity of DU1301.     

Structure Studies on the Nitrosyl Derivative of Heme

The electronic spectra were obtained on the nitrosyl derivative of heme prepared by synthesis from hemin and sodium nitrite within the UV-vis region. They were compared with spectra of nitrosyl derivative of heme dimethyl ester within the IR region. The degree of hemin reacting with nitric oxide (NO) ligand as well as the stability constant of the heme:NO complex were calculated. Results showed that in the nitrosyl derivative of heme one NO ligand was bound with one heme iron of the pigment. Therefore, it seems that the cooked cured-meat pigment is a mononitrosyl derivative of heme.     

氨基酸His或二肽Cys-His共价修饰Fe(Ⅲ)-salophen的计算机模拟

通过比较天然血红素蛋白中血红素与多肽链进行共价连接的结构,我们对组氨酸(His)或二肽半胱氨酰-组氨酸(Cys-His)共价修饰人工配合物Fe(III)-salophen进行了计算机模拟,旨在为设计包含非天然辅基的金属蛋白分子提供有用的信息。修饰物采用分子力学MM 方法进行了分子构型优化,而且在最低能量构型的基础上,采用半经验量子化学ZINDO/1方法进行了单点计算。结果阐明,当His形成Fe(III)-salophen的第五轴向配体时,通过与His形成酰胺键进行共价修饰,引入丙酸根要比甲酸根使分子更加稳定;同时,在Fe(III)-salophem的位置a进行His或Cys-His共价修饰,均比在位置b进行修饰使分子更加稳定。此外,在所有修饰物分子中,最稳定的分子为:通过Cys与a位置所引入的乙烯基之间形成硫醚键的二肽Cys-His修饰物。这一结构与自然界中c型细胞色素一致。本研究提供了一些初步的理论研究结果,它能够指导功能性Fe(III)-salophen配合物的构建以及在人工金属蛋白设计中的应用。     

Encapsulation of hemoglobin in mesoporous silica (FSM)-enhanced thermal stability and resistance to denaturants

Hemoblogin (Hb), which is a typical oligomeric protein, was introduced into the pores of mesoporous silica (FSM: folded-sheet mesoporous material) that had a diameter of 7.5 nm. Soret CD spectra of Hb-FSM-7.5 conjugates showed a peak that was identical to that of free Hb. This suggests that Hb retained its highly ordered structure in the mesoporous silica. In addition, the UV-visible absorption spectrum showed that Hb had an increased resistance to heat denaturation in the silica. Even after heat treatment at 85 degrees C, Hb-FSM-7.5 retained its ligand-binding activity. The stability of Hb-FSM-7.5 was examined further by measuring its peroxidase-like activity. Encapsulation of Hb resulted in the retention of activity in the presence of high NaCl or Gdn-HCl levels. This suggests that encapsulation prevented dissociation and denaturing. Thus, it seems that the mesopores created a favorable environment for the oligomeric protein to perform its function, even under harsh conditions.