Effect of substrate concentration on fermentative hydrogen production from sweet sorghum extract

The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of substrate concentration on the fermentative hydrogen production from sweet sorghum extract, in a continuous stirred tank bioreactor. The reactor was operated at a Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 12 h and carbohydrate concentrations ranging from 9.89 to 20.99 g/L, in glucose equivalents. The maximum hydrogen production rate and yield were obtained at the concentration of 17.50 g carbohydrates/L and were 2.93 ± 0.09 L H₂/L reactor/d and 0.74 ± 0.02 mol H₂/mol glucose consumed, corresponding to 8.81 ± 0.02 L H₂/kg sweet sorghum, respectively. The main metabolic product at all steady states was butyric acid, while ethanol production was high at high substrate concentrations. The experiments showed that hydrogen productivity depends significantly on the initial carbohydrate concentration, which also influences the distribution of the metabolic products.     

Investigations of AB5-type hydrogen storage materials with enhanced hydrogen storage capacity

The present study deals with investigations on synthesis, characterization and hydrogenation behavior of the MmNi₅-type hydrogen storage alloys Mm_0.9Ca_0.1Ni_4.9−xFe_xAl_0.1 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3). All the alloys are synthesized by radio frequency induction melting following the composite pellet route. The X-ray diffraction pattern of dehydrogenated alloy without iron, detects peaks corresponding to calcium hydride, which are absent in the XRD pattern of the alloy with iron. The hydrogenation behavior is monitored by means of activation curves, absorption-desorption pressure-composition isotherms, hysteresis factors and desorption kinetic curves. The substitution of Iron at the place of nickel in the alloys Mm_0.9Ca_0.1Ni_4.9−xFe_xAl_0.1 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) gives an increase in the hydrogen storage capacity as 1.82, 1.90, 2.2 and 1.95 wt% corresponding to x = 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 respectively. The correlation between structural characteristics and hydrogenation behavior is described and discussed.     

Domestic hydrogen production using renewable energy

A brief review shows that domestic production of hydrogen to fuel a car is feasible by using various means. Among these, the solar––photovoltaic electricity––electrolysis process seems to be the most practical if a renewable energy source is to be used. A simplified model has been developed to determine and optimize the thermal and economical performance of domestic photovoltaic-electrolyzer systems, either with fixed or sun tracking panels using annual total solar radiation on a horizontal surface and climatic data. Twelve locations in the United Sates from four climatic zones (tropical-sub tropical, dry, temperate, cool snow-forest) have been selected. Simulations have been carried out to produce data for hydrogen production for these various locations and the resulting data have been correlated to obtain hydrogen production in kg/kW_p/year photovoltaic system as a function of total annual solar radiation on horizontal surface. The economical feasibility has been studied by taking the photovoltaic and electrolyzer systems' price as variable parameters. It is assumed that the necessary capital is 100% borrowed from a financial institution to pay back in monthly installments. It has been found that the hydrogen production with fixed photovoltaic panels varies from 26 to 42 kg/kW_p/year and the cost from 25 to 268 $/GJ.     

丁酸型发酵产氢的运行稳定性

着重对发酵法生物制氢反应系统的丁酸型发酵的运行稳定性进行了研究分析。结果表明,在有机负荷大于21kgCOD/m3·d的条件下,丁酸型发酵具有不稳定性,在负荷冲击下容易转变为丙酸含量较高的发酵类型,从而导致系统产氢能力的下降。分析认为,NADH/NAD+的平衡调节能力是影响系统运行稳定性的一个关键因素。在高负荷条件下,由于丁酸型发酵的产丁酸过程不能氧化过剩的NADH+H+,导致产乙酸过程生成的剩余NADH+H+在系统内大量积累,使反应系统难以达到氧化还原的平衡状态,最终影响了系统的稳定运行。     

燃料电池中甲醇制氢重整器的研制进展

阐述了燃料电池上甲醇重整制氢的现实意义,综述了甲醇重整器的工艺流程和组成单元。典型的燃料电池甲醇重整器一般由原料供应单元、甲醇重整单元、热量循环单元和重整气净化单元组成,重点介绍了各个组成单元的开发研制情况,并对甲醇重整器的整体研究现状进行了评述和展望。     

在水蒸气存在下甲烷部分氧化制氢Ni-Cu/MgSiO催化剂的研究

采用表面复合氧化物MgO-SiO2(MgSiO)作为载体,用等体积浸渍法制备出Ni-Cu双金属催化剂。通过XRD,BET,TEM等方法对催化剂进行表征,用微反技术考察温度、空速及原料气组成对反应性能的影响。并与添加La2O3助剂的双金属催化剂反应性能相比较。实验结果表明,在Ni-Cu／MgSiO催化剂表面上存在着均匀分散的Ni,Cu金属颗粒;反应最佳条件为反应温度450℃、进料组成n(CH4)／n(O2)／n(H2O)=1／0.5／2.5以及甲烷空速1 200h-1,此时Ni-Cu／MgSiO催化剂上CH4转化率在96％以上,H2的选择性可达99％,而添加La2O3助剂后,CH4转化率及H2选择性均提高。     

改性TiO_2可见光催化分解水制氢研究进展

概述了近年来利用离子掺杂、染料光敏化和半导体复合等方法对二氧化钛进行可见光化改性,以提高其可见光催化分解水制氢效率的研究进展。分析了改性后二氧化钛吸收可见光的原理,详细介绍了改性二氧化钛可见光催化分解水制氢的研究近况。众多研究表明,与染料光敏化和半导体复合等改性方法相比,离子掺杂法使二氧化钛催化剂具有更高的效率和更好的光稳定性,因此掺杂改性将成为可见光催化分解水制氢研究的主要方向。     

东海平湖油田钻杆腐蚀现象及预防

从 1998年开始 ,东海平湖油气田在钻井中接连出现了钻杆腐蚀与刺漏现象。为此 ,组织了多学科、多专业科研合作 ,并先后进行了 11项试验。研究结果表明 ,机具损坏腐蚀问题 ,是综合因素作用的结果 ,并发现该油气田的地层内存在少量的H2 S气体。这对全面认识平湖油气田的地层状况 ,正确确定有关装备的防腐蚀等级以及预测生产装备的使用寿命 ,提供了重要的决策依据     

炼油厂湿式气柜的腐蚀与防护

格尔木炼油厂5000m3湿式气柜采用双组分环氧富锌涂料进行防护,经过2年多运行,气柜表面防腐蚀涂层完好,说明环氧富锌涂料抗老化性能优良,能较好地适应该地区的强紫外线环境。同时提出应对气柜所用水质进行处理,以便延长气柜的使用寿命。     

渤海湾盆地深层潜山储集层中H2S成因及其地质意义

近年来深层潜山和潜山内幕成为渤海湾盆地油气勘探的重点层系之一。勘探过程中不断发现深层潜山碳酸盐岩中产出浓度较高的H2S气体。这种H2S气体是碳酸盐岩,地层中的硫酸盐与煤类物质发生热化学还原作用形成的。H2S浓度之所以较高,是封闭条件较好致使苯无法逸散,存在浓度较高的H2S气体,说明深层潜山碳酸盐岩内确实发生了显著的油气运移和聚集过程,具备了油气成藏的地质条件,同时表明目的层处于高温高压的封闭环境,有利于油气的保存,此外H2S的形成对碳酸盐岩储集层的发育也有一定贡献。图4表9。