可见光多相类芬顿降解水中孔雀石绿

为强化多相类芬顿反应的速率,采用可见光辅助树脂载铁(FeIII/R)为催化剂催化过氧化氢降解水中孔雀石绿(MG).结果表明,可见光能强化MG的降解.探讨初始pH值、过氧化氢初始浓度和MG初始浓度及叔丁醇等对反应速率的影响.叔丁醇实验表明羟基自由基和高价态铁在反应中同时存在.催化剂重复使用表明铁在树脂表面负载比较牢固,具有较好的稳定性.     

紫外/臭氧复合杀灭水中细菌性能研究

为开发一种高效灭菌方法,研究了UV/O3的复合灭菌性能,对紫外辐射、臭氧和羟基自由基等在体系中的各自作用进行探讨,同时考察pH值、温度等对灭菌效果的影响.结果表明,UV/O3较单独紫外或臭氧灭菌时效果有所提高,在初始臭氧质量浓度为5.02mg·L-1,液面紫外辐射强度为6.5mW·cm-2,灭菌时间1.5～9.0s时,UV/O3对细菌总数灭菌率达3.6～6.4,单独紫外时为1.8～4.7,单独臭氧时仅为1.6～3.0.羟基自由基的产生是复合灭菌效果增加的主要原因.随紫外辐射强度和臭氧投加量的增加,复合灭菌作用得到提高.pH值在5.5～8.5变化时,UV/O3灭菌效果随原水pH值的增加略有提高.温度由10℃上升到27℃时,灭菌效果稍有下降.由此可见,UV/O3是一种高效可行的水体灭菌技术。     

脱氢型室温硫化硅橡胶的研究

考察了端羟基聚有机硅氧烷、补强填料和含氢硅油的种类对脱氢型室温硫化(RTV)硅橡胶的力学性能和粘接性能的影响,以及催化剂种类对RTV硅橡胶的凝胶时间和表观密度的影响。结果表明,当端羟基聚二甲基硅氧烷和端羟基聚甲基苯基硅氧烷按10∶3的质量比并用时,RTV硅橡胶的剪切强度较高;当侧氢基硅油和端氢基硅油按1∶1~1∶3的质量比配合使用时,能明显改善硅橡胶的剪切强度;通过选择适当的催化剂,可调整脱氢型硅橡胶的凝胶时间,制得较致密的硫化胶;二氧化钛、氧化锌对脱氢型RTV硅橡胶均有补强作用,而经甲基三乙氧基硅烷处理的氧化锌对脱氢型RTV硅橡胶的补强作用最明显。     

Properties and pervaporation separation of hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene‐based polyurethane/poly(methyl metharcylate) interpenetrating networks membranes

Hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), 4,4′‐dicyclohexyl methane diiscyanate (H₁₂MDI), and 1,4‐butane diol are used to synthesize polyurethane (PU) solutions by two‐stage process. Interpenetrating networks (IPNs) of HTPB‐based PU and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with HTPB/MMA (wt/wt % ratio) = 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, 1.5, 0.8, and 0.6, which are designated as IPN1 to IPN5, respectively, are synthesized by sequential polymerization technique. Thermal properties, tensile strength, and contact angle of membranes increase with the increase of MMA content, while the elongation of membranes show the reverse trend. Characterization of membranes are investigated by C?C/C?O absorption ratio and infrared absorption frequency shiftment. These PU and IPN membranes are used for the separation of ethanol/water and isopropanol/water solution by pervaporation test. IPN3 membrane possesses the largest pervaporation permeability and the separation factor. The pervaporation results of ethanol/water feed has the same trend as that of isopropyl alcohol (IPA)/water solution. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

From surface science to catalysis: Surface “explosions” observed on Rh crystals and supported catalysts

Phenomena called surface explosions have been reported for decomposition reactions on single crystals, and have been identified by the use of desorption methods. In particular, in TPD, they are manifested by extremely narrow peaks (as little as 3 K in width) and a desorption rate which increases with time in isothermal experiments. In this paper we report such observations for acetate species on Rh single crystals, but extend this to show for the first time that such effects are not restricted to single crystal/UHV experiments, but can also be found on a Rh/Al₂O₃ catalyst under ambient pressure conditions. These reactions can be classified as second order autocatalytic surface processes, where free surface Rh sites are an essential component of the reaction. It is shown that coadsorbed adatoms are also essential for such explosions to be seen and their role is proposed to be that of a template layer acting to order the acetate in self-poisoning configurations.     

The role of lanthana loading on the catalytic properties of Pd/Al2O3-La2O3 in the NO reduction with H2

The role of La₂O₃ loading in Pd/Al₂O₃-La₂O₃ prepared by sol–gel on the catalytic properties in the NO reduction with H₂ was studied. The catalysts were characterized by N₂ physisorption, temperature-programmed reduction, differential thermal analysis, temperature-programmed oxidation and temperature-programmed desorption of NO.

The physicochemical properties of Pd catalysts as well as the catalytic activity and selectivity are modified by La₂O₃ inclusion. The selectivity depends on the NO/H₂ molar ratio (GHSV = 72,000 h⁻¹) and the extent of interaction between Pd and La₂O₃. At NO/H₂ = 0.5, the catalysts show high N₂ selectivity (60–75%) at temperatures lower than 250 °C. For NO/H₂ = 1, the N₂ selectivity is almost 100% mainly for high temperatures, and even in the presence of 10% H₂O vapor. The high N₂ selectivity indicates a high capability of the catalysts to dissociate NO upon adsorption. This property is attributed to the creation of new adsorption sites through the formation of a surface PdO_x phase interacting with La₂O₃. The formation of this phase is favored by the spreading of PdO promoted by La₂O₃. DTA shows that the phase transformation takes place at temperatures of 280–350 °C, while TPO indicates that this phase transformation is related to the oxidation process of PdO: in the case of Pd/Al₂O₃ the O₂ uptake is consistent with the oxidation of PdO to PdO₂, and when La₂O₃ is present the O₂ uptake exceeds that amount (1.5 times). La₂O₃ in Pd catalysts promotes also the oxidation of Pd and dissociative adsorption of NO mainly at low temperatures (<250 °C) favoring the formation of N₂.     

Studies on urethane–allophanate networks based on hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene: Modeling of network parameters and correlation to mechanical properties

Hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)‐based allophanate–urethane networks were prepared by reacting HTPB with di‐isocyanates, such as toluene–di‐isocyanate (TDI), isophorone–di‐isocyanate (IPDI), and 4,4′‐di(socyanatocyclohexyl)methane (H₁₂MDI) at stoichiometric ratios (r‐values) ranging from 1.0 to 1.5. The networks were characterized for mechanical and swell properties. The network parameters, such as “X,” which is the fraction of urethane groups involved in the allophanate formation, and effective chain length (L_x) were calculated from experimental crosslink density values determined from swell data, using α‐model equations developed by Marsh. Excellent linear correlations were obtained between mechanical properties and the calculated network parameters. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2986–2994, 2006     

SAPO-34动态脱附特性实验研究

针对吸附材料在太阳能吸附式制冷系统中的应用,利用称重法在高温真空环境下对水的脱附性能进行了实验研究,探究不同温度、压力对SAPO-34沸石分子筛脱附性能的影响.结果表明:温度对材料脱附性能的影响要远大于压力的影响,这在吸附式制冷系统中是非常有利的;当压力一定时,材料的脱附完善度随温度的升高而增大,且不随温度变化均匀分布.温度过高会影响SAPO-34的性能及影响材料的使用寿命;当温度一定时,材料的脱附完善度随着压力的降低而增大,其变化随压力变化分布得较为均匀.     

NH_4SCN解吸剂对负载Re的D296树脂的解吸影响

为了实现离子交换树脂中吸附离子的高效解离,研究了NH_4SCN解吸剂对负载Re的D296树脂的解吸影响,并探讨了其最优解吸工艺.通过静态实验探讨了解吸时间、解吸温度,以及解吸溶液的浓度和p H值对D296树脂的解吸影响,并测定了相应的解吸曲线.结果表明,NH_4SCN解吸剂对D296树脂的最佳解吸温度为323 K,最佳pH值为10,最佳解吸溶液浓度为100 g·L~(-1).在最佳解吸工艺条件下,反应20 min后,D296树脂中Re的解吸率可达98%以上,且解吸反应为吸热反应.当NH_4SCN解吸剂的流速为2 m L·min~(-1)时,淋洗效果较好.     

超声波灭活水中微生物试验研究

为了探讨超声波灭菌作用机制,进一步为超声波用于净水厂污泥无害化处理提供技术支持,试验采用实验室模拟水样,研究了超声功率(250~1 500 W)、频率(25 k Hz和40 k Hz)对大肠菌群灭活效果、超声空化强度和羟基自由基产量的影响.结果表明:相同时间和频率下,在超声功率为250~1 500 W时,大肠菌群灭活率随着功率的增大先逐渐上升,达到1 250 W后,灭活效果变化不明显;相同时间和功率条件下,40 k Hz灭活效果优于25 k Hz.超声空化强度和羟基自由基的产量与灭活率规律相似,超声灭活率随着超声过程中超声空化强度和羟基自由基产量的增大而增大.通过投加自由基掩蔽剂碳酸氢钠(Na HCO3)掩蔽自由基氧化作用判定羟基自由基在超声灭菌过程中的确产生了灭活作用,但作用比较弱.