安全仪表系统切断阀的在线测试

根据实际生产维护经验和有关机构的统计数据,对安全仪表系统切断阀在线测试的必要性及重要性进行了阐述,并重点介绍了部分行程测试法的三种方法的利弊和应用实例。     

SIS在乙烯装置改造上的应用

SIS(安全仪表系统)的设计在石化工程设计中显得尤为重要。该系统的配置合理与否，直接影响到装置的安全运行。针对乙烯装置改造，对SIS的合理配置进行了重点阐述。     

在役装置SIL验证常见问题

分析了在役装置SIL验证项目推进缓慢的原因,重点介绍了在役装置SIL验证范围的确定,针对几种特殊情况下SIL验证范围的确定过程遇到的资料不匹配,如何区分关键安全动作与辅助安全动作,SIL0和SILa回路的验证,电气回路的验证范围的确定等问题,给出了相应解决方案。阐述了以偏离为导向的和以后果为导向的两种表决结构的绘制;介绍了在搜集设备失效数据中碰到的实际问题及解决方案以及PFD_avg计算中会出现的几种情况,总结了通过SIL验证发现的化工行业普遍存在的安全管理问题。     

Mechanical characterization of polymer passivation layer in semiconductor applications using IIT and FEA

Various kinds of polymer passivation and associated equipment have been developed for inter-level insulation, buffering, and α-rays shielding layers in semiconductor devices. Among these, photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) has thermal and dielectric characteristics that are highly compatible with the requirements of recent devices, and its applications have been increasing. However, PSPI passivation, whose mechanical properties are strongly governed by processing, is implicated in many physical failure modes. It is very difficult to characterize PSPI via fracture mechanics because it behaves viscoelastically and is structurally entangled with variously processed ceramic oxides such as SiN and SiON; in addition, its mechanical characteristics involve some ambiguous fracture modes. In this study, we compare the chip surface toughness of several devices using micro-instrumented indentation testing (MIIT). To do this, we defined a collapse propagation rate in viscoelastic polymer-ceramic composite thin film and verified this parameter by empirically reproducing phenomena involved in chip surface collapse. We used ANSYS to simulate the elastoplastic behavior beneath the indenter tip as the PSPI layer was varied. To discuss all these issues, we obtained by nano-instrumented indentation testing (NIIT) mechanical properties that are closely related to fracture behavior. This study gives some guidance for checking the mechanical resistance of the chip surface to filler-induced attack and thus for developing new technologies for semiconductor process integration.     

基于仪器化压入硬度和功测试材料杨氏模量的方法

应用量纲定理和有限元方法对仪器化压入响应进行了分析。结果表明:在仪器化压入硬度HOP(即Oliver-Pharr压入硬度)和联合杨氏模量Ec的比值与卸载功We和压入总功Wt的比值间存在近似的函数关系,即HOP/Ec=Γ(We/Wt),其中联合杨氏模量被定义为Ec=1/[(1-2ν)/E+1.32(1-i2ν)/Ei],且Ei,E和iν,ν分别为金刚石压头和被压材料的杨氏模量及泊松比。基于上述关系提出了由仪器化压入硬度和压入比功确定材料杨氏模量的新方法,同时分析了该方法的理论误差。通过试验表明该方法较传统Oliver-Pharr方法具有较高的测试精度。     

Investigation of sintered properties on infiltrated tungsten–copper composite along the infiltration direction

Tungsten–copper composites exhibit excellent resistance to erosion and good electrical as well as thermal conductivity. W–Cu composites are mainly used for heat sinks, electrical contacts and transpiration cooling applications. In this investigation the microstructure, mechanical and electrical properties of infiltrated tungsten–copper composite along the infiltration direction have been studied. The microstructures of the top, middle and bottom regions of the composite were evaluated using both optical and scanning electron microscope. Bulk hardness, electrical conductivity, instrumented hardness and contiguity were measured along the depth of W–Cu composite. It was found that the copper phase fraction decreases along the infiltration direction of the specimen. The effect of distribution of copper in the W–Cu system has a significant influence on the mechanical and the electrical properties. The effect of copper content on indentation depth, instrumented hardness, Young’s modulus, and stiffness of the composite has been evaluated using an instrumented hardness tester.     

石油化工企业中火气系统设计浅析

简单介绍了过程工业安全防护层的相关知识。结合火气系统在阿尔及利亚某炼厂中设计应用的案例,论述了火气系统的基本功能和构成。阐明了火气系统应满足工厂防护层中高安全等级的要求,及对于保证石油化工企业安全、稳定运行的重要意义。     

基于检测球的球磨机磨矿介质运动试验分析

针对球磨机磨矿介质运动信息很难测量的问题,以Φ520 mm×260 mm试验球磨机为研究对象,基于设计的检测球装置分析了不同转速率工况下磨矿介质运动参数的变化规律,并提出了一种试验验证离散元仿真的方法。研究结果表明,检测球加速度主要介于0～3.3 g,球磨机的转速率越大,加速度的波动范围越大,磨矿介质的冲击碰撞越明显;检测球角速度主要介于0～31 rad/s,球磨机的转速率越大,角速度的波动范围越大,磨矿介质的研磨作用越明显;检测球试验与离散元仿真的单位质量转动动能累积分布基本一致,说明检测球试验验证离散元仿真是有效的。     

智能仪表对安全联锁系统可靠性影响的评估

仪表作为石化装置中安全联锁系统的基本组成元素,其可靠性对装置安全稳定运行具有重要影响。本文以某仪表的选型为例,采用蒙特卡洛仿真方法对普通仪表与智能仪表在安全性、可靠性方面进行定量分析与比较,评估了智能仪表对安全联锁系统的影响。分析表明,使用智能仪表可以有效提高安全联锁系统的安全水平,并显著降低联锁的误跳车。本文最后对智能仪表选型中需考虑的因素进行了探讨,对指导石化装置安全联锁系统中仪表的选型具有一定的借鉴作用。     

SIL方法比较及LOPA在海洋平台的应用

该文首先介绍了安全仪表系统在现代过程工业中的作用和地位,然后阐述了安全完整性等级的划分及对五种SIL等级的评估方法进行了综合比较,最后重点分析了LOPA方法的执行步骤及在海洋平台的应用案例,本研究成果取得了较好的应用,具有广阔的推广前景.