单宁酸与大豆分离蛋白相互作用研究

利用荧光光谱、紫外光谱和圆二色谱,从分子水平研究单宁酸与大豆分离蛋白的相互作用。结果表明:单宁酸对大豆分离蛋白有较强的荧光猝灭作用,当单宁酸浓度小于6×10~(-6)mol/L(相对于大豆分离蛋白质量分数5. 1%)时,猝灭类型为静态猝灭,当单宁酸浓度大于6×10~(-6)mol/L时,同时存在静态猝灭和动态猝灭;单宁酸通过疏水作用与大豆分离蛋白结合,导致大豆分离蛋白的色氨酸和酪氨酸残基微环境亲水性增强,但对大豆分离蛋白的二级结构没有显著影响。     

过氧化脂质对分离蛋白凝胶性质的影响

以大豆为原料,通过常温下正己烷浸提去油,得到高脂肪氧合酶活力的豆粕,采用不同干热程度处理得到酶活不同的豆粕,进而以碱溶酸沉法制备分离蛋白。发现不同脂质过氧化程度的豆粕提取出的分离蛋白性质差异比较显著。不同蛋白氯仿-甲醇提取液的荧光测定证实了过氧化脂质的存在。浊度反映了蛋白中不溶性聚集体的含量。凝胶的流变、质构和渗透性测定表明了不同程度蛋白聚集的凝胶性质的变化,而凝胶的扫描电镜图也显示了凝胶微观结构随灭酶程度的变化。     

3种芝麻蛋白结构和性质比较研究

采用SDS-PAGE电泳、傅里叶红外光谱、氨基酸组成分析对亚临界芝麻粕、天然芝麻和高温芝麻粕中提取的分离蛋白的结构和性质进行了比较研究。结果表明:亚临界芝麻蛋白(SPSI)和天然芝麻蛋白(NSPA)的亚基组成与分布基本一致,高温芝麻蛋白(SPHS)与前两种芝麻蛋白的结构有明显的差异,高温造成SPHS缺失NSPA的典型亚基,这会影响其性质和应用范围;SPSI、NSPA和SPHS在酰胺III带的吸收峰分别在1 235、1 237 cm-1和1 240 cm-1;SPSI与NSPA的氨基酸组成基本一致,且相比SPHS的氨基酸配比更符合FAO推荐值;SPSI具有较好的溶解性、吸水性、吸油性、乳化性、乳化稳定性和泡沫稳定性。从亚临界芝麻粕提取的芝麻蛋白的结构破坏程度低,营养价值较高并且功能性好,更适宜作为食品原料。     

阿魏酸对可食性大豆蛋白膜理化特性的影响

用大豆分离蛋白制备可食性包装膜时，在成膜溶液中添加阿魏酸能增加膜的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率，降低膜的水蒸气透性，并减少甘油用量、提高膜的抗氧化性能。阿魏酸的最适添加量为100mg／100g。其主要机理是阿魏酸与蛋白质的某些氨基酸反应而增加了蛋白质的交联度。由于阿魏酸与蛋白质反应后吸收峰红移，暗示阿魏酸的添加有利于膜防止短波辐射，延长食品保质期。     

Functional and nutritional characteristics of proteins and lipids recovered by isoelectric processing of fish by-products and low-value fish: A review

Several fisheries are over-exploited and may collapse; yet the amounts of fish processing by-products containing muscle proteins and ω-3-rich oil are staggering. The by-products are land-filled, ground and discarded or otherwise diverted from human consumption. Due to the lack of technology to recover proteins and lipids from by-products or low-value species, this tremendous resource is unavailable for human consumption. Isoelectric solubilisation/precipitation (ISP) allows efficient recovery of fish proteins and oil which retain functionality and nutritional value of food products. Isoelectric point (pI) is a pH where protein maintains zero electrostatic charge. At pI, protein–protein hydrophobic attraction overcomes protein–water electrostatic attraction resulting in isoelectric precipitation. Conversely, isoelectric solubilisation occurs at a pH different from pI, whereby protein–water attraction and protein–protein electrostatic repulsion are favoured. Therefore, protein solubility/insolubility is induced by ISP, respectively. Consequently, ISP allows selective protein recovery. Lipids are also recovered during ISP processing. This article reviews recent ISP developments to recover proteins and lipids from by-products and low-value marine species.     

Effect of denaturation during extraction on the conformational and functional properties of peanut protein isolate

Peanut protein isolate (PPI) was extracted by alkali dissolution and acid precipitation from defatted peanut flour. The effects of extraction conditions on the denaturation and functional properties of PPI were investigated. In comparison with native peanut protein (NPP) which was extracted by ammonium sulfate, the PPI extracted by alkali dissolution and acid precipitation had a higher extent of denaturation. Arachin was affected more easily by the extraction process than conarachin and led to a noticeable decrease of thermal stability of PPI. PPI contained much lower sulfhydryl and disulfide bond contents than NPP. The analyses of intrinsic fluorescence spectra indicated a more compacted tertiary conformation of NPP than PPI. Extraction process influenced the functional properties of PPI, such as protein solubility, emulsifying activity index and foaming capacity. The relatively poor functional properties of PPI might be associated with protein denaturation/unfolding and subsequent protein aggregation.

Industrial relevance

Peanut is an important oilseed crop and a well-accepted food. After oil production through thermal treatment, the defatted peanut flour is the main byproduct, which possesses a large amount of proteins. However, due to the low extraction yield and poor functional properties of these proteins, they are not well utilised in industry till now. In this work, peanut proteins were extracted by two techniques. The results indicated that extraction technique could significantly modify the functional properties of peanut proteins. Therefore, this work is helpful for industrial utilisation of peanut proteins.     

超声改性大豆分离蛋白与大豆可溶性多糖复合乳化体系的冻融稳定性研究

本实验针对不同超声功率改性的大豆分离蛋白与大豆可溶性多糖形成的复合乳液的冻融稳定性进行研究, 揭示乳液冻融稳定机理与形成乳液复合物结构特性之间的构效关系。对2 次冻融循环处理前后乳液油滴进行共聚焦 观察,研究等温结晶固脂含量、油脂被乳化量的变化和作为乳化剂的大豆分离蛋白不同超声处理（0、200、300、 400、500 W）下二级结构的变化,进而分析其与乳液冻融稳定性的关系。结果表明：乳液经2 次冻融循环处理后 随着超声功率的增加聚结程度降低,400 W超声处理的大豆分离蛋白与大豆可溶性多糖复合乳液最为稳定;等温 结晶条件下不同乳液固脂含量增加速率不同,但最终平衡时总含量相同;油脂被乳化量发生不同程度的变化;不 同超声处理改变了大豆分离蛋白的二级结构,400 W超声处理的大豆分离蛋白无规卷曲结构含量最高。说明不同 超声改性的大豆分离蛋白与大豆可溶性多糖会形成不同结构的复合物,影响了乳液的冻融稳定性,初步明确了 适当的超声处理能够改善大豆分离蛋白的空间结构,促进其与大豆可溶性多糖分子的键合,进而影响大豆分离蛋 白-多糖界面结构特性和乳化体系的冻融稳定性。     

大豆分离蛋白凝胶制备和凝胶质构特性研究

本研究以大豆分离蛋白为原料，考察蛋白质浓度、pH值、加热温度、加热时间对凝胶形成的影响，采用物性仪对不同务件下制备的凝胶的质构特性进行研究，不同评价指标得出的结论不尽相同。通过正交实验得出形成凝胶硬度最大的制备条件为：蛋白浓度12％，pH值6．5，加热温度95℃，加热时间35min；形成凝胶脆性最大的制备凝胶争件为：蛋白浓度12％，pH值7．0，加热温度95℃，加热时间25min；形成凝胶弹性最好的制备凝胶务件为：蛋白浓度12％，pH值7．0，加热温度85℃，加热时间35min；形成凝胶粘附性最大的制备凝胶条件为：蛋白浓度12％，pH值7．0，加热温度95℃，加热时间35min。     

pH值对乳清蛋白糖基化产物体外抗氧化特性的影响

选择6种不同的糖基配体,通过湿热糖基化反应,研究乳清蛋白不同糖基化复合物在不同pH值下的反应特性及抗氧化特性。结果表明:在pH值3～9的条件下,6种乳清蛋白糖基化复合物与乳清蛋白420nm和294nm处的吸光值差异显著(P<0.05);且6种乳清蛋白糖基化复合物的游离氧基酸含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。除了乳清蛋白-蔗糖复合物外,其他5种乳清蛋白糖基化复合物的还原能力、DPPH自由基清除能、·OH自由基清除能力和抗脂质过氧化能力随pH值的升高都有所提高。乳清蛋白-木糖复合物的抗氧化能力提高最大,而且在pH值7～9的反应条件下,具有比V_c更高的还原能力。     

植物分离蛋白对卵巢切除大鼠血脂代谢的影响

目的:研究大米分离蛋白和大豆分离蛋白对因雌性激素缺乏引起的高胆固醇血症的影响.方法:将24只Wistar成年雌鼠随机分为4组.3组大鼠进行双侧卵巢切除手术,分别喂食添加20%酪蛋白(对照组)、大米分离蛋白或大豆分离蛋白的饲料.另1组进行卵巢伪切除手术,喂食添加20%酪蛋白的对照饲料,喂养4周后解剖,测定血清和肝脏中胆固醇、甘油三酯浓度以及粪中胆汁酸排泄量和蛋白表观消化率等指标.结果:卵巢切除明显增加成年雌鼠血清和肝脏中胆固醇和甘油三酯浓度.与酪蛋白组相比,饲料中添加大豆分离蛋白能显著降低卵巢切除大鼠血浆总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白及胆固醇浓度(p＜0.05),但对血浆甘油三酯浓度无显著影响,同时明显降低肝重、肝脏中总脂、总胆固醇、游离胆固醇及甘油三酯总量,以及增加排粪量和胆汁酸排泄量,大豆分离蛋白表观消化率也明显比酪蛋白和大米分离蛋白高.大米分离蛋白对血脂没有明显降低效果,但肝脏总脂、总胆固醇、游离胆固醇和甘油三酯浓度明显低于酪蛋白饲料组,而排粪量、粪中胆汁酸排泄量和蛋白表观消化率则与酪蛋白组无显著差异.结论:抗消化蛋白对因雌性激素缺乏引起的高胆固醇血症有明显降低效果,可能的作用机制是由于该蛋白的低消化性干扰,肠道中胆汁酸代谢,增加粪中胆汁酸的排泄量来降低肝脏和血浆中胆固醇浓度.