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41.
针对大面积水域浓度场难以实现实时测量、测量精度不高等问题,采用了一种多通道荧光测试系统和方法。首先,基于单色光诱导荧光检测浓度(LIF)原理,使用探头获取离散点的浓度参数。然后,经总线或通信网络技术,将数百个测点连接起来。最后,通过数据总线或网络将采集的数据输送到中央测控计算机中,处理离散的数据后形成完整的浓度场。在恒定流浓度场中的试验结果表明,污染物测量相对误差均值不超过5%,单次测量相对误差最高值为8.33%,传感器线性度不超过5%,可检测的荧光素钠溶液浓度分辨率为0.001 ppm,系统测量稳定、精度较高。相较于其他浓度测量方法,该系统具有测量面积大、实时测量的优势,可为水污染防治等领域提供可靠的技术支撑。 相似文献
42.
Geomorphic diversity as a river management tool and its application to the Ganga River,India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Understanding of geomorphic processes and the determination of geomorphic diversity in catchments are prerequisites for the sustainable rehabilitation of river systems and for reach‐scale assessment of river health. The Ganga River system in India is a large, complex system consisting of several long tributaries, some >1,000 km, originating from 2 distinct hinterlands—the Himalaya to the north and the cratons to the south. Traversing through a diverse climatic regime across the Plain and through precipitation zones ranging from 600 mm/year near Delhi to 1,200 mm/year in the eastern plains, the Ganga River system has formed very diverse landform assemblages in 3 major geomorphic domains. We have recognized 10 different river classes for the trunk river from Gangotri (source) to Farakka (upstream of its confluence with the Brahmaputra) based on (a) landscape setting, (b) channel and active floodplain properties, and (c) channel planform parameters. The mountainous stretch is characterized by steep valleys and bedrock channels and is dominated by large‐scale sediment production and transport through hill slope processes. The alluvial part of the river is characterized by 8 different river classes of varying reach lengths (60–300 km) many of which show sharp transitions in landscape setting. We have highlighted the application of this approach for the assessment of habitat suitability, environmental flows, and flood risk all of which have been significantly modified during the last few decades due to large‐scale anthropogenic disturbances. We suggest that the diversity embedded in this geomorphic framework can be useful for developing a sustainable river management programme to “work with” the contemporary character and behaviour of rivers. 相似文献
43.
Polystyrene (PS)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) prototype brushes were prepared by alternating free‐radical copolymerization of methacryloyl‐terminated PS and α‐vinylbenzyl‐ω‐hydroxy or α‐vinylbenzyl‐ω‐perfluoroalkyl (Rf) PEO macromonomers with the addition of Lewis acid (SnCl4). It was found from their dilute‐solution properties that PS/PEO end‐capped with Rf (PBRf), and PS/PEO having OH groups at terminal ends (PBOH) prototype brushes formed a single molecule in benzene and aggregates in chloroform, respectively. However, the brush PBOH formed a single molecule in N,N‐dimethylformamide. Such aggregation behaviors seemed to be caused by the interaction between hydroxy groups of PEO chain ends. The brush PBOH was also converted into PBRf‐type brush by chemical modification, using corresponding acid chloride. The substitution of Rf groups was ~70% due to slipping of terminal hydroxy groups into PEO internal domains. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 772–778, 2006 相似文献
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This paper addresses the problem of designing controllers that are robust to a great uncertainty in a time constant of the plant. Plants must be represented by minimum phase rational transfer functions of an arbitrary order. The design specifications are: (1) a phase margin for the nominal plant, (2) a gain crossover frequency for the nominal plant, (3) zero steady state error to step commands, and (4) a constant phase margin for all the possible values of the time constant (T): 0<T<∞. We propose a theorem that defines the structure of the set of controllers that fulfil these specifications and show that it is necessary for these robust controllers to include a fractional-order PI term. Examples are developed for both stable and unstable plants, and the results are compared with a standard PI controller and a robust controller designed using the QFT methodology. 相似文献
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X.M. Tian S. Adhikari S. Adhikary H. Uchida M. Umeno T. Soga T. Jimbo 《Diamond and Related Materials》2005,14(11-12):1839
Nitrogen incorporated diamond like carbon films have been deposited by microwave surface wave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MW-SWP-CVD), using methane (CH4) as the source of carbon and with different nitrogen flow rates (N2 / CH4 flow ratios between 0 and 3). The influence of the nitrogen incorporation on the optical, structural properties and surface morphology of the carbon films were investigated using different spectroscopic techniques. The nitrogen has been incorporated into DLC:N films which was confirmed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement. Moreover, the nitrogen incorporation was accompanied by a variation in the optical gap, which was attributed to the removal or creation of band tail states. 相似文献
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为了研究超长、超大基坑开挖对邻近地铁结构安全影响,以西安地铁2号线周边某基坑为工程实例,通过运用数值分析软件,结合场地的水文地质和工程地质条件,建立数值模型,进行施工过程的动态模拟,同时进行现场监测,经对比数值模拟结果及监测数据,表明运用PLAXIS软件能有效的模拟基坑开挖过程中的土体变形。同时工程采用的分段、分块开挖,中心岛顺做,周边预留土台反压、使用旋喷锚索的支护方案,对复杂条件下基坑开挖对邻近地铁结构的变形影响能起到有效的控制作用,可对类似工程的设计优化提供有益的参考及借鉴。 相似文献
50.
Samples (375 g) of the Evesham series (clay loam) soil were incubated under aerobic conditions at 20 °C following incorporation of liquid mesophilic digested sewage sludge (1150 mg N L–1). Simultaneously, pot trials under field conditions were also established. Total soluble N total oxides of nitrogen, ammonium N and headspace carbon dioxide samples were determined periodically over the first 480 day degrees C. Soluble organic N fractions were also calculated and it was found that the soil water concentration of available N (as nitrate N) could be predicted from summation of SON and NH4-N on sludge application. The accumulation of nitrate N was compared with field derived data and both correlated well to a 2 pool exponential model. High rates of nitrification were observed and 70% of the organic N applied was mineralised over 480 day degrees C. The use of the relative quantity of soluble to insoluble organic N could be a possible indicator of subsequent nitrogen availability in field application. 相似文献