Characterization of laser hardened steels by laser induced ultrasonic surface waves

Ultrasonic surface waves are suitable for the characterization of surface hardened materials. This is shown on laser hardened turbine blades. The martensitic microstructure within the surface layer of surface hardened steels has a lower surface wave propagation velocity than the annealed or normalized substrate material. Because the propagation velocity depends on the ratio of layer thickness to wavelengthd/, its measurement allows the determination of the hardening depth. If the surface wave frequency is high enough, the surface wave propagates mainly within the hardened layer. A correlation of the surface wave velocity to the surface hardness has been found. Because the variation of the surface velocity in hardened steels is small, a high measurement accuracy is necessary to obtain the interesting hardening parameters with sufficient certainty. Therefore, a measuring arrangement has been developed where laser pulses, guided by optical fibers to the surface hardened structure, generate simultaneously surface wave pulses at two different positions. The two ultrasonic pulses are received by a piezoelectric transducer. The surface wave velocity is obtained from the time delay between these pulses which is determined by the cross-correlation method. To evaluate simultaneously surface waves with different penetration depths from the same signal acquisition, digital filtering has been used in connection with the cross-correlation.     

Thermally Responsive Fibers for Versatile Thermoactivated Protective Fabrics

Smart textiles with good mechanical adaptability play an important role in personal protection, health monitoring, and aerospace applications. However, most of the reported thermally responsive polymers has long response time and poor processability, comfort, and wearability. Skin-core structures of thermally responsive fibers with multiple commercial fiber cores and temperature-responsive hydrogel skins are designed and fabricated, which exhibit rapid mechanical adaptability, good thermohardening, and thermal insulation. This universal method enables tight bonding between various commercial fiber cores and hydrogel skins via specific covalently anchored networks. At room temperature, prepared fibers show softness, flexibility, and skin compatibility similar to those of ordinary fibers. As temperature rises, smart fibers become hard, rigid, and self-supporting. The modulus of hydrogel skin increases from 304% to 30883%, showing good mechanoadaptability and impact resistance owing to the synergy between hydrophobic interactions and ionic bonding. Moreover, this synergistic effect leads to an increase in heat absorption, and fibers exhibit good thermal insulation, which reduces the contact temperature of the body surface by ≈25 °C under the external temperature of 95 °C, effectively preventing thermal burns. Notably, the active mechanoadaptability of these smart fibers using conductive fibers as cores is demonstrated. This study provides feasibility for fabricating environmentally adaptive intelligent textiles.     

Controlled chemical modification of the internal surface of photonic crystal fibers for application as biosensitive elements

Photonic crystal fibers (PCF) are one of the most promising materials for creation of constructive elements for bio-, drug and contaminant sensing based on unique optical properties of the PCF as effective nanosized optical signal collectors. In order to provide efficient and controllable binding of biomolecules, the internal surface of glass hollow core photonic crystal fibers (HC-PCF) has been chemically modified with silanol groups and functionalized with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES). The shift of local maxima in the HC-PCF transmission spectrum has been selected as a signal for estimating the amount of silanol groups on the HC-PCF inner surface. The relationship between amount of silanol groups on the HC-PCF inner surface and efficiency of following APTES functionalization has been evaluated. Covalent binding of horseradish peroxidase (chosen as a model protein) on functionalized PCF inner surface has been performed successively, thus verifying the possibility of creating a biosensitive element.     

高压静电纺丝制备聚丁烯-1纤维的形貌及晶型转变

对聚丁烯-1的环己烷溶液进行高压静电纺丝制备出聚丁烯微纳米纤维,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线衍射等表征手段,考察了纺丝液浓度、纺丝电压、推进速率对纤维形貌的影响,并对纺丝过程及室温陈放的聚丁烯纤维的晶型转变进行了研究。结果表明,随着纺丝液浓度和推进速率的增大,可以得到尺寸均匀的纤维,直径也随之变大;纺丝电压增大,纤维直径减小,但纤维直径分布均匀性变差。初生聚丁烯-1纺丝纤维膜的晶型为I型和II型,随着溶剂的挥发和时间延长,晶型II逐渐转变为晶型I,溶液涂覆膜初生晶型为晶型III和晶型I'。     

激光与碳纤维相互作用的研究现状及发展趋势

由于高比强度、比模量等优良特性,碳纤维成为轻量化制造业的关键原材料之一,拥有广阔的发展潜力,然而高成本、低产率及工艺缺陷等弊端限制了其发展。激光技术的引入给碳纤维的加工制备提供了新的方向。概述了激光与碳纤维相互作用的最新研究进展,详细介绍了激光在加工、制备碳纤维各工艺过程中的作用机制,总结了激光技术在碳纤维复合材料生产加工领域的研究进展,最后分析和展望了激光辅助加工制备碳纤维过程目前仍存在的一些问题及可能的发展方向、应用前景。     

A Flexible Conformal Piezoresistive Sensor Based on Electrospinning for Deformation Monitoring of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials are widely applied in various areas as key structure components. The structural health monitoring of the CFRP components is crucial to prevent catastrophic failure. However, the nonplane surfaces of CFRP components hinder the attaching of monitoring sensors with hard substrates. Therefore, the substrate conditions for sensor preparation are mainly considered in this study. To adapt the proposed sensors to the curved substrate, including nondevelopable surfaces, electrospinning method is used to prepare conformal piezoresistive fiber films, in which polymethyl methacrylate is served as the matrix and carbon nanotubes are utilized as the conductive filler. The piezoresistive fibers covered on CFRP substrates have a gauge factor up to 207.95 and can response to the strain less than 0.05%. Moreover, the sensor also has high durability and the ability to follow the dynamic excitation signals with as high as 50 Hz.     

Plasmonic enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy using side-polished microstructured optical fiber

We report excitation of surface plasmon in a gold-coated side-polished D-shape microstructure optical fiber (MOF). As the leaky evanescent field from the fiber core becomes highly localized by the plasmon wave, its intensity also gets amplified significantly. Here we demonstrate an efficient use of this intensified field as excitation in fluorescence spectroscopy. The so-called plasmonic enhanced fluorescence emission from Rhodamine B has been investigated experimentally. First, plasmonic effect alone was found to provide an immediate fluorescence enhancement factor of two. Second, experimental results show a good agreement with theoretical modeling. Strong evanescent field generation and surface enhancement with simple metallic coating makes this fiber based device a good candidate for compact fluorescence spectroscopy.     

对产品多功能设计的探讨——以老年人手机设计为例

本文主要探讨产品的多功能的合理性问题。首先明确了多功能产品的特点以及存在问题,然后以老年人手机设计为例,对老年人的手机态度调查和对现有多功能手机的合理性进行分析。文章从实例中总结出多功能产品的负面作用,指出产品功能适当设计的必要性。     

Ultimate behavior of axially loaded RC wall-like columns confined with GFRP

The assessment of the effectiveness of the fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) confinement on rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) columns with high aspect ratio (wall-like) still represents an unresolved issue. The present paper aims at providing more experimental evidence about the behavior of such members confined with both uni-directional and quadri-directional glass FRP laminates. Particular attention is devoted to issues related to the premature failure of confining fibers experimentally observed in wall-like columns. Test results on nine axially loaded columns are herein presented; emphasis is also given to the analysis of FRP strain profiles along the sides of the cross-section. The analysis of test results highlights that glass FRP (GFRP) confinement could determine significant strength and ductility increases; the discussion of failure modes points out that the failure of GFRP confined wall-like columns is controlled by the shape of the cross-section and occurs at transverse strains in the jacket much lower than those ultimate of the fibers. Theoretical–experimental comparisons are performed using some available models for strength prediction of such members.     

聚碳硅烷的挤出胀大与Y型SiC纤维的异形度

研究了聚碳硅烷(PCS)熔体在Y型喷丝孔中的挤出胀大机理、膨胀模型以及膨胀比对Y型碳化硅纤维异形度的影响.结果表明:采用圆形喷丝孔时PCS的膨胀比为1.02～1.15,Y型喷丝孔时膨胀比为1.02～1.43,在与圆形喷丝孔成形条件相当的情况下,Y型喷丝孔的膨胀比比圆形孔的高出约15%,Y型口模周边的剪切应力分布不均、剪切应力内外差异和区域差异是造成其膨胀比增大的根本原因.PCS熔体温度降低或软化点提高,其出口挤出胀大效应增大.由于模口膨胀的影响,Y型PCS纤维的异形度比喷丝孔异形度下降10%～20%.