惰性粒子对水沸腾传热强化的实验研究

通过加入不同种类和体积分率的惰性粒子,在垂直管中进行了水的流动沸腾传热实验,研究了三相流沸腾传热特性。实验中预先对水加热,采用了沸点进料。实验发现,传热膜系数随热通量、液体流量的增加及粒子体积分率的增大而增加。对于不同粒子,这种变化趋势比较一致,但不同粒子对沸腾传热的强化效果不同。实验结果表明:由于固体粒子的存在,强化了沸腾传热,三相流沸腾传热系数是相同条件下汽液二相流沸腾传热系数的1.3—1.7倍。     

对喷流协同蒸汽相变对燃煤细颗粒脱除性能的影响

以燃煤锅炉产生的含尘热烟气为对象,采用电称低压冲击器（electrical low pressure impactor,ELPI）和Vaisala-HMT337型温湿度变送器等测试仪器,研究倾斜对喷流与蒸汽相变相结合的方法对燃煤细颗粒的脱除性能,实验考查烟气对喷流速、烟气对喷间距、蒸汽添加量、除雾器类型、添加润湿剂等对细颗粒脱除效率的影响规律。研究结果表明：采用对喷流和蒸汽相变技术相结合的方法可以高效脱除细颗粒物;细颗粒脱除效率随烟气对喷间距的增大先提高后降低,随烟气流速和蒸汽添加量的增大而提高;相变室出口安装丝网除雾器的脱除效果优于采用板波纹除雾器;烟气中添加挥发性乙二醇润湿剂对细颗粒脱除有一定的促进效果。     

Optical and electrical properties of ZnO thin film containing nano-sized Ag particles

Low-temperature crystallized ZnO thin film was achieved by sol–gel process using zinc acetate dihydrate and 2-methoxyethanol as starting precursor and solvent, respectively. Ag nanoparticles were prepared with uniform size at 4.4 nm by spontaneous reduction method of Ag 2-ethylhexanoate in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The optical and electrical properties of ZnO thin films containing various contents of Ag-nanoparticles were monitored. Light scattering and charge emission and scattering behaviors of Ag nanoparticles in ZnO film were found. The incorporation of Ag nanoparticles into Al-doped ZnO film was also investigated. The optical transmittance was not degraded but the increase of electrical sheet resistance was found. The effect of Al-dopant on the transmittance and electrical sheet resistance of ZnO film was found too great to distinguish the positive effect of the incorporation of Ag nanoparticles into Al-doped ZnO thin films.     

成都市PM2.5、PM10变化特征及其与气象因素的关系

为研究气象因素对成都市大气细颗粒物 (PM2.5)、可吸入颗粒物 (PM10) 的影响, 收集了2015―2018 年成都市 PM2.5、PM10的月平均浓度, 采用Pearson 相关分析法, 分析了成都市PM2.5、PM10与气象条件的关系。结果表明： (1) 2015 ―2018 年, 成都市PM2.5、PM10年平均浓度虽然年际间差别较小, 但整体呈现逐年缓慢下降趋势, 2015 年以来成都市的 一系列大气污染控制措施是PM2.5、PM10逐年缓慢下降的原因; 2015―2018 年成都市PM2.5、PM10浓度季节变化特征整体 表现为冬季 > 春季 > 秋季> 夏季。(2) 不同气象因素对成都市PM2.5、PM10月平均浓度的影响程度不同, 降水量与气温 是影响成都市PM2.5、PM10月平均浓度的主要因素, 两者与PM2.5、PM10呈较高的负线性相关, 其中PM2.5、PM10与降水量 的相关系数均为 −0.612, 与月平均气温的相关系数分别为 −0.822、−0.776, 降水会通过捕获大气中的颗粒物来去除 PM2.5、PM10, 而温度的升高会加强PM2.5、PM10等污染物在垂直方向上的对流运动, 从而对成都市污染物浓度的降低起 到重要作用; 日照时数、月平均风速、相对湿度等与PM2.5、PM10月平均浓度整体也呈现负相关, 但与降水量和气温相 比, 日照时数、月平均风速与PM2.5、PM10月平均浓度的相关性较低, 而相对湿度与PM2.5、PM10月平均浓度的相关性则 更加微弱, 表明相对湿度的变化对成都市PM2.5、PM10的积累和扩散影响很小。     

一种新型软X 射线气溶胶荷电器的开发与评测 #br#

现有荷电器对 1∼3 nm 气溶胶的通过效率和荷电效率都较低。研发了一种新型软 X 射线气溶胶双极荷电器, 通过结构设计的改进极大地提高了 3 nm 以下气溶胶的通过效率, 同时该荷电器对不同粒径气溶胶的本征荷电效率仍 与现有荷电器相近。实验室评测结果表明: 在 1 L·min−1 流量下, 新型荷电器对 3 nm 以下不同粒径气溶胶的通过效率 与 TSI 3088 软 X 射线荷电器相比可提高 175%∼300%; 在 2.5 L·min−1 流量下, 可提高 115%∼173%。同时, 新型荷电器 对 10∼40 nm 及 3 nm 以下气溶胶的本征荷电效率与目前广泛使用的 Fuchs 稳态理论近似公式计算得出的荷电效率及 其他类似荷电器的实测荷电效率基本吻合。相对于现有的商业荷电器, 该新型荷电器对 3 nm 以下气溶胶有着更高的 表观荷电效率, 具有潜在的应用价值。     

Colloidal Synthesis of Hollow Cobalt Sulfide Nanocrystals

Formation of cobalt sulfide hollow nanocrystals through a mechanism similar to the Kirkendall Effect has been investigated in detail. It is found that performing the reaction at > 120 °C leads to fast formation of a single void inside each shell, whereas at room temperature multiple voids are formed within each shell, which can be attributed to strongly temperature‐dependent diffusivities for vacancies. The void formation process is dominated by outward diffusion of cobalt cations; still, the occurrence of significant inward transport of sulfur anions can be inferred as the final voids are smaller in diameter than the original cobalt nanocrystals. Comparison of volume distributions for initial and final nanostructures indicates excess apparent volume in shells, implying significant porosity and/or a defective structure. Indirect evidence for fracture of shells during growth at lower temperatures was observed in shell‐size statistics and transmission electron microscopy images of as‐grown shells. An idealized model of the diffusional process imposes two minimal requirements on material parameters for shell growth to be obtainable within a specific synthetic system.     

基于光阻原理的降水现象测量系统研究

降水是气象观测的常规项目,是研究全球水热循环和气候变化的重要参数。实现降水现象自动观测是我国气象领域未来发展规划的一项重要内容。介绍了一种激光降水现象测量系统,设计了激光对射式光学测量结构,实现了对降水粒子遮光信号的精确捕获;研制了基于相关原理的微弱信号检测系统,保证粒子速度、粒径等信息的准确测量;在数据信号处理上,采用了数据平滑算法降低了系统噪声。研制的系统能够准确完成雨滴谱分布、降水量、降水类型的测量,并且与雨量筒和国外同类仪器进行了观测比对, 数据具有较好的一致性,能满足对降水现象自动观测的要求。     

Yolk–Shell Hybrid Materials with a Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica Shell: Ideal Nanoreactors for Selective Alcohol Oxidation

This contribution describes the preparation of multifunctional yolk–shell nanoparticles (YSNs) consisting of a core of silica spheres and an outer shell based on periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) with perpendicularly aligned mesoporous channels. The new yolk–shell hybrid materials were synthesised through a dual mesophase and vesicle soft templating method. The mesostructure of the shell, the dimension of the hollow space (4～52 nm), and the shell thickness (16～34 nm) could be adjusted by precise tuning of the synthesis parameters, as evidenced by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nitrogen sorption investigations. Various metal nanoparticles (e.g., Au, Pt, and Pd) were encapsulated and confined in the void space between the core and the shell using impregnation and reduction of adequate metal precursors. The selective oxidation of various alcohol substrates was then carried out to illustrate the benefits of such an architecture in catalysis. High conversion (～100%) and excellent selectivity (～99%) were obtained over Pd nanoparticles encapsulated in the hybrid PMO yolk–shell structures.     

北京奥运期间的碳黑气溶胶观测研究

2008年7～8月在北京市奥体中心的遥感所站点连续实时监测碳黑气溶胶(BC),研究其在北京奥运期间的变化特征和来源.奥运会前BC平均质量浓度约为4.58μg/m3,而奥运会期间其平均浓度约为3.07μg/m3,下降比约为33.0%,这说明减排措施有效降低了BC的排放总量.同步监测的可吸入颗粒物(PM10)与BC一致性较好,相关系数为0.86,BC约占PM10的1.9%.比对2007年同期BC浓度数据,也证实了北京地区在实行各项减排措施后,BC的污染情况有较大好转.