XPS studies of directly fluorinated HDPE: problems and solutions

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) applied to the study of fluorinated polymer surfaces presents several problems related both to peak assignment and to degradation. In this work, we analyse extensively the question of XPS peak assignments in this kind of surfaces. We conclude that in this kind of surfaces using binding energy differences between fluorine and carbon is better than using absolute binding energies. Also a useful relation between fluorine photoelectron energy vs. polymer composition expressed through the atomic ratio fluorine/carbon (F/C) was found. A protocol for data treatment is proposed and applied to a XPS study of the degradation induced by X-ray on high-density polyethylene surfaces modified by direct fluorination. Results obtained for the degradation, namely the atomic ratio F/C obtained by two different methods, combined with angle resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) were used to study the fluorine concentration profile in depth, producing self-consistent results.     

Municipal solid waste conversion to energy

In recent years it has been recognised by an increasing number of nations that there is considerable energy potential within MSW. As a result many countries have established R,D& D programmes to examine methods of exploiting this potential. The IEA's MSW Conversion Activity was set up in 1986 to provide an infrastructure for sharing information and co-ordinating work in this area internationally. This Activity was extended in 1989 and currently a total of 9 nations participate in it.

To cope with the wide scope of the area (encompassing both biological and thermal processing of MSW) the Activity was divided into three subgroups or Expert Working Groups (EWGs). Each of these dealt with a distinct area of expertise:

1. •Downstream effects of source separation and screening of MSW

2. •Sampling and analytical protocols

3. •Landfill gas

In addition to these groups a central secretariat based at Harwell (UK) has provided guidance, established and administered databases of contacts and produced a series of national reports.

This paper describes the achievements of the Activity and discusses work proposed for the future.     

The spatial economics of geothermal district energy in a small, low-density town: a case study of Mammoth Lakes, California

This research focuses on the spatial economics of geothermal district energy (DE) systems that distribute hot fluids through a pipeline network to multiple thermal customers. We argue here that DE is held back by uncertainty about its economic feasibility when implemented in real places. DE works best with high urban densities, but in the US the best geothermal resources are in the less-populated west. Economic geography theory suggests that the optimal size of a DE firm's service area should depend on the trade-off between the economies of scale inherent in a large service area and the greater network development costs and heat loss involved in serving a large area. The HEATMAP© software program developed by Washington State University was used to study the feasibility of numerous scenarios for a proposed DE system in Mammoth Lakes, California. Results indicate that the core area of the town is large enough, dense enough, and in close enough proximity to the resource for profitable DE development. Proposed ski village developments would increase the thermal load density and significantly enhance its ability to remain competitive with other fuels, even in pessimistic sensitivity analyses regarding geothermal heat input costs, public participation, and retro-fitting costs.     

高能 X 射线工业 CT 技术的研究进展

目的 研究分析了国内外高能X射线工业CT技术的进展情况，方法 通过有关文献资料，对目前国际上主要的高能X射线工业CT技术及设备进行评述。结果和结论 对美国、德国等发达国家的高能X射线工业CT设备、线阵探测器、面陈探测器及重建算法进行了分析。     

蓄热室效能剖析

提高蓄热室效能是降低池窑能耗的有力措施.本文分析了反映蓄热室热交换能力的综合传热系数,进一步探讨了格子砖内部热交换过程和外部热交换过程中的矛盾以及解决矛盾的方法,继而谈及妥善处理在增加格子砖热交换表面上的矛盾,最后提出了衡量蓄热室效能的技术-经济指标以及提高技术指标的主要途径.     

静电火灾的产生及其防治

文章详细分析了静电产生的机理，指出积聚静电电荷的多少与材料的电阻率和介电常数有关。讨论了静电火灾发生的条件，指出静电火灾的发生具有隐蔽性、复杂性和突发性。但只要对其规律进行深入地研究，可以找到有效地防止静电火灾发生的办法。     

部分种子成分的特征X射线在等效生物材料中衰减的测定

用Ｓｉ（Ｌｉ）探测器实现了Ｎａ、Ｍｇ、Ｓ、Ｃｌ的特征Ｘ射线在有机膜中的相对衰减以及与Ｏ、Ｋ元素的特征Ｘ射线能量相当的Ｘ射线或轫致辐射在有机膜中的相对衰减，分别得出了它们减的数学描述，并把实验得到不同能量的Ｘ射线在有机膜中的质量吸收系数与Ｂｅｒｋｅｌｅｙ的ＯＣＧ软件计算出的结果相比，相关都小于３０％。     

Full scale thermal testing of latent heat storage in wallboard

Full scale thermal storage tests were conducted in a room lined with PCM wallboard having latent heat storage capacity. The results were compared with those obtained from tests conducted in a similar room lined with ordinary wallboard. The research showed that PCM wallboard can function efficiently as a thermal storage medium which can be applied to peak load shifting, improved use of waste and solar heat as well as more efficient operation of heating and cooling equipment.     

P／MCs新型复合材料制备、结构及阻尼性能

采用特殊的渗流法所制备的新型Ｐ／ＭＣｓ复合材料，由高分子聚合物与蜂窝状铝架组成，它具有优异的阻尼性能，并简述了结构对阻尼的影响     

Biogas and biomass technology: Energy generation from biomass and waste in the Netherlands

Within the European Community, the interest in energy generation from biomass and waste is increasing. A brief overview is given of several thermal conversion technologies, of biomass production and waste availability in the Netherlands. Based on this, the possibilities for energy generation from biomass and waste in the Netherlands are evaluated.