Crystallography of graphite spheroids in cast iron

To further understand graphite growth mechanisms in cast irons, this study focuses on the crystal structure of a graphite spheroid in the vicinity of its nucleus. A sample of a graphite spheroid from a commercial cast iron was characterised using transmission electron microscopy. The chemical composition of the nucleating particle was studied at the local scale. Crystal orientation maps of the graphite spheroid revealed misorientations and twist boundaries. High-resolution lattice fringe images showed that the basal planes of graphite were wavy and distorted close to the nucleus and very straight further away from it. These techniques were complementary and provided new insights on spheroidal graphite nucleation and growth.     

Comparative studies of grain refinement of commercial purity Mg by CaO and Ca addition

ABSTRACT

The comparative studies of grain refinement of commercial purity Mg by CaO/Ca addition have been investigated by using TP-1 tests, optical microscope, XRD characterisation and TEM (STEM) observation along with EDX analysis. Experimental results showed that Ca/CaO addition significantly refines the grain structure of commercial purity Mg. Compared with Ca addition, CaO exhibits finer grain size and the average grain size remains invariable with further CaO addition. CaO addition is readily reduced to Ca by Mg melt and forms Mg₂Ca on the surface of MgO particles. First-principle calculations were used to understand the nucleation of Mg₂Ca layer by a coherent interface model calculating the work of adhesion and the interface energy between Mg₂Ca and α-Mg. The combination of experiments and calculations showed that the formation of Mg₂Ca layer on MgO facilitates the nucleation of α-Mg and then refines the grain structure by Ca or CaO addition.     

Effect of surface curvature and wettability on nucleation of methane hydrate

Natural gas hydrate nucleation is a complex physical and chemical process that is not well understood presently. In this article, an improved thermodynamic model is proposed to analyze the effects of surface curvature and wettability on methane hydrate nucleation for the first time. The results indicate that methane hydrate nucleation is more difficult on hydrophilic curvature surfaces under the same conditions, with a larger critical nucleation radius and required energy barrier than on hydrophobic surfaces. Furthermore, a convex surface is more favorable for forming methane hydrate under the same conditions than a concave surface. The model's results are critical in elucidating the microscopic mechanism of methane hydrate nucleation and providing a theoretical foundation for developing technologies for strengthening and inhibiting hydrate formation.     

无机盐晶须的制备以及应用研究进展

无机盐晶须是在人工可控条件下生长成的具有一定长径比的一种纤维,具有强度高、模量高、化学性质稳定、易与基体结合等特点,广泛应用于造纸、建筑材料、高分子材料等领域。主要介绍了无机盐晶须的生长机理、常见的无机盐晶须种类、制备方法以及应用范围。重点介绍了无机盐晶须的制备方法,包括气相法、固相法和液相法,其中液相法为制备无机盐晶须常见的方法,主要从水热合成法、碳化法、常压酸化法以及溶胶凝胶法进行介绍;其次,介绍了无机盐晶须在阻燃材料、建筑材料、复合材料和摩擦材料中的应用,并指出晶须对复合材料的作用机理主要体现在负荷传递、裂纹桥连、裂纹偏转和拔出效应4个方面;最后指出,目前无机盐晶须的制备及应用仍处于实验室阶段,其制备以及应用过程中仍存在能耗高、产物形貌不均一、产量低、设备复杂、工业化程度差等一些问题。通过分析得出,开发低成本、低能耗的无机盐晶须制备方法仍是主要的亟需解决的难题。     

二甲基甲酰胺中铥(Ⅲ)在铜电极上的电化学行为

应用循环伏安法、单电位阶跃计时电流法、计时电量法研究了二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中铥(III)在Cu电极上的电化学性质。研究表明,铥(III)在Cu电极上的还原是不可逆过程。通过上述3种电化学方法得到的扩散系数(D0)相近,由循环伏安法测得的传递系数(α)为0.028 36,通过塔菲尔曲线求得的交换电流密度(i0)为1.352 6×10-6 A/cm2。铥(III)离子成核机理研究表明,铥在Cu电极上的电沉积按三维模式生长连续成核。     

Nanoparticle evolution in flame spray pyrolysis—Process design via experimental and computational analysis

In flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), the evolution of metal oxide nanoparticles relies on quite a number of droplet (liquid) and vapor phase related physical mechanism as for instance precursor evaporation, oxidation, nucleation via gas-to-particle conversion mechanism, and subsequent particle (solid) growth mechanisms based on coagulation, sintering/coalescence, and agglomeration. The liquid precursor and dispersion oxygen feed rates are relevant control parameters of the FSP process for tailoring the nanoparticle size (diameter) and structure as well as the atomizer nozzle configuration. Sophisticated nonintrusive, laser-based in situ and ex situ diagnostics with multiscale spatial resolution (micrometer to meter range) are applied for analyzing droplet formation and size, gas velocity, temperature, species concentration, as well as primary and agglomerate diameters along the flow direction. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are coupled with population balance modeling (PBM) to elucidate the nanoparticle dynamics within the reactive spray. It is found that the CFD-PBM approach allows estimations of primary and agglomerate nanoparticle diameters within 80 and 75% accuracy compared to experimental data, suggesting that the methods presented could pave the way for designing next-generations of flame reactors.     

微量固溶Nb在钢中的作用

在实验室条件下进行了铌的质量分数为0．013％的含铌钢和不含铌钢的热轧试验,对含铌钢TEM观察结果表明,未观察到Nb（CN）从奥氏体中形变诱导析出,Nb（CN）在铁素体中也未脱溶析出。力学性能检验结果表明,在控轧控冷工艺及其他化学成分相同的条件下,微量的固溶铌（w（Nb）=0．013％）能使铁素体晶粒细化,造成钢的屈服强度平均提高55MPa。     

PET/PE原位微纤化共混物的非等温结晶

通过挤出、热拉伸及淬冷制备了聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)/聚乙烯(PE)原位微纤化共混物。采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了PET/PE原位微纤化共混物的非等这结晶特性,为了比较,同时考察了纯PE和PET/PE通常共混物的结晶特性。结果表明,PET微纤对PE有良好结晶异相成核作用,可提高结晶温度、缩短结晶时间、增大结晶速率,但使PE的结晶度和熔点降低;增加降温速率,结晶峰变宽且向低温方向移动。     

平板冲击加载下对双相钢动态损伤演变的研究

利用一级轻汽炮以一击二的方式对2种不同热处理状态的双相钢进行加载,采用多普勒测速系统对加载过程中样品的自由面粒子速度进行测量,通过金相显微分析、纳米压痕分析对样品进行表征,探讨了双相钢的层裂损伤演变。结果表明:孔洞并没有像准静态损伤理论一样在相界面处优先形核长大,而是在马氏体内部形核,然后长大贯通形成微裂纹贯穿整个马氏体,形成穿晶断裂; 由于相界面对冲击波具有反射与透射作用,冲击波从高阻抗的相传入低阻抗的相内时会在高阻抗相内形成拉伸脉冲,从而引起层裂损伤; 相界面越多,在高阻抗相内产生拉应力并形成孔洞的几率越大,样品层裂强度也越低。     

Er2Ti2O7烧绿石基玻璃陶瓷固化体的制备工艺研究

为获得含单一钛酸盐烧绿石的玻璃陶瓷固化体,本文以Er₂Ti₂O₇作为钛酸盐烧绿石代表,在传统的烧结法制备工艺基础上,通过热雾喷解和晶核掺入的技术改进,分别研究了烧结温度、烧结时间、玻璃与陶瓷晶核质量配比等参数对Er₂Ti₂O₇基玻璃陶瓷固化体物相及结构的影响规律。XRD结果表明：在不同的烧结温度、烧结时间和质量配比下,均能获得含单一Er₂Ti₂O₇烧绿石的玻璃陶瓷固化体,Er₂Ti₂O₇前驱体在玻璃中的相稳定性好,未发生相分解,玻璃组分亦未受陶瓷相的影响而析出第二相;玻璃组分对陶瓷颗粒存在张应力作用,玻璃含量越高,Er₂Ti₂O₇的晶胞常数越大;提高烧结温度和烧结时间均有利于增强固化体中Er₂Ti₂O₇的结构有序性,但烧结温度效果强于烧结时间。SEM结果表明：Er₂Ti₂O₇在玻璃基体上呈四方形生长,与玻璃界面清晰,相容性好。固化体的物性测试结果表明,玻璃组分占比将直接影响固化体的表观孔隙率和致密度。根据以上结果可知,新工艺制备的样品具有相纯度高、烧绿石相与玻璃相容性好、两相比例可调等优点,较好地解决了钛酸盐烧绿石在玻璃基体中易发生相分解的问题。