无线传感器网络中基于簇协作的分布式组密钥管理方案

处于敌对环境的传感器网络极易遭到攻击,且不存在长期可信的节点可以担当组管。提出一种分布式组密钥管理方案,方案基于簇形结构,充分利用簇内通信及簇间通信的局部特性,对组密钥协作更新。当妥协节点总数在门限以内的某簇检测出节点妥协时,该簇的簇头发起更新,并通过簇内协作将该节点撤销;当某簇妥协节点数目在门限以上时,由该簇邻居簇的簇头发起更新,并通过簇间通信将该簇妥协节点撤销。与已有方案相比较,此方案能实时地更新组密钥,有着更好的安全性并具有较小的通信开销。     

大规模农田传感器网络通信能耗模型

将无线传感器网络应用于农业中,构成农田监控网络,是实现农业信息化、自动化、智能化的重要手段.然而,农田无线传感器网络具有超大规模、超低成本、拓扑变化复杂等特点,这些特征对网络通信设计提出了更加苛刻的要求.从Heinzelman的无线传输能量模型出发,建立了一个适用于大规模农田传感器网络的通信能耗模型,该能量模型考虑了部署间距、传输半径以及数据包大小对系统总能耗的影响,获得了在传输间距z确定情况下,求最佳传输半径R的计算方法.同时,仿真分析了不同部署半径、不同网络规模对全网查询能耗的影响.     

一种低开销的无线传感器网络时间同步算法

低开销是无线传感器网络时间同步算法的重要技术要求之一.为了降低同步过程中的通信开销,提出了一种基于部分广播的低开销无线传感器网络时间同步算法.算法基于TPSN算法的分层思想,利用节点的距离信息,选撵当层节点的部分相邻节点进行下一层的等级广播,从而有效地降低同步过程中的通信开销.分析了在不同的网络节点密度下广播信息包数与等级广播距离的关系,得到了不同网络节点密度下的最优等级广播距离.仿真结果表明,与TPSN算法相比,在相同的同步精度下,算法能显著地降低高密度无线传感器网络时间同步的开销.     

Addressing agent loss in vehicle formations and sensor networks

In this paper, we address the problem of agent loss in vehicle formations and sensor networks via two separate approaches: (1) perform a ‘self‐repair’ operation in the event of agent loss to recover desirable information architecture properties or (2) introduce robustness into the information architecture a priori such that agent loss does not destroy desirable properties. We model the information architecture as a graph G(V, E), where V is a set of vertices representing the agents and E is a set of edges representing information flow amongst the agents. We focus on two properties of the graph called rigidity and global rigidity, which are required for formation shape maintenance and sensor network self‐localization, respectively. For the self‐repair approach, we show that while previous results permit local repair involving only neighbours of the lost agent, the repair cannot always be implemented using only local information. We present new results that can be applied to make the local repair using only local information. We describe implementation and illustrate with algorithms and examples. For the robustness approach, we investigate the structure of graphs with the property that rigidity or global rigidity is preserved after removing any single vertex (we call the property as 2‐vertex‐rigidity or 2‐vertex‐global‐rigidity, respectively). Information architectures with such properties would allow formation shape maintenance or self‐localization to be performed even in the event of agent failure. We review a characterization of a class of 2‐vertex‐rigidity and develop a separate class, making significant strides towards a complete characterization. We also present a characterization of a class of 2‐vertex‐global‐rigidity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

无线传感器网络路由协议及安全问题研究

无线传感器网络在军事和民用领域得到广泛的应用。由于传感器节点的资源有限以及通信的开放性使得其安全性显得尤为重要。出于对能量消耗的考虑,目前的路由协议设计得比较简单,作者对路由的安全性能以及可能受到的攻击进行分析,并给出相应的防范对策。     

Ultrafast Switchable Passive Radiative Cooling Smart Windows with Synergistic Optical Modulation

Switchable passive radiative cooling (PRC) smart windows can modulate sunlight transmission and spontaneously emit heat to outer space through atmospheric transparent window, presenting great potential in building energy conservation. However, realizing stable and on-demand control of the cooling efficiency for PRC materials is still challenging. Herein, an electro-controlled polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) smart window showing PRC property is designed and prepared by adding mid-infrared emitting reactive monomers into the conventional PDLC matrix. It is found that not only the electro-optical properties but also the PRC efficiency of PRC PDLC film are tunable by regulating the content of the mid-infrared emitting components, film thickness, and micromorphology. This advanced PRC PDLC material achieves a near/sub-ambient temperature when the solar irradiance is below 400 W m⁻² and can dynamically manage daytime cooling efficiency. Importantly, its PRC efficiency is capable of being tuned in an on-demand and ultrafast millisecond-scale way, whose controllable transparency enables multistage heat regulation. This study is hoped to provide new inspiration in the preparation of advanced optical devices and energy-efficient equipment.     

Effect of axial and radial velocities on solids mass flow rate measurement

In coal powder flow transportation and combustion, powder mass flow rate is a key parameter to be monitored and controlled. Electrostatics is one of the techniques used for such task with its non-intrusive, robust, and low cost natures. The passive electrostatic meters measure charge induced on the detecting electrodes. As it is known that the induced signal is not only dependent on the solids mass flow rate, but also affected by solids velocity. However, the velocity of particles usually referred to is the axial velocity. In reality, the solids velocity is a vector, its projections in both the radial and tangential directions also need to be investigated. This paper analyses the dynamic sensitivity of ring-shaped electrostatic sensors using the finite element method (FEM), and investigates the influence of the axial and radial velocities on the induced signal on the electrodes.     

Evanescent wave sensor based on permanently bent single mode optical fiber

A novel refractive index sensing scheme based on evanescent wave interaction through locally and permanently bent single mode optical fibers is proposed. Local and permanent bends in single mode optical fibers enable significant power coupling between core and cladding modes. Order and number of excited cladding modes depend on bend features and determine the field profile at the output of the bent region. This in turn constitutes a simple mechanism to tailor the field distribution in single mode optical fibers useful for spatial light modulation. Moreover, since guided cladding modes are strongly influenced by the surrounding refractive index (SRI), the power transmitted at the output of the bent region as well as its dependence on the optical wavelength are strongly sensitive to the SRI opening new scenarios in sensing applications.     

Ordered mesoporous Pd/SnO2 synthesized by a nanocasting route for high hydrogen sensing performance

Ordered mesoporous SnO₂ and mesoporous Pd/SnO₂ have been successfully synthesized via nanocasting method using the hexagonal mesoporous SBA-15 as template. Two different procedures, impregnation technique and direct synthesis, were utilized for the doping of Pd in the mesoporous SnO₂. The results of small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD), nitrogen adsorption–desorption and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrate that the SnO₂ and Pd/SnO₂ display ordered mesoporous structures and high surface areas. Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveal tetragonal structure of SnO₂ and the existence of Pd element. The sensing properties of mesoporous SnO₂ and mesoporous Pd/SnO₂ for H₂ were detected. The sensor utilizing mesoporous Pd/SnO₂ via direct synthesis method exhibits excellent response and recovery behavior and much higher sensitivity to H₂, compared to those using mesoporous SnO₂ and mesoporous Pd/SnO₂ via impregnation technique. It is believed that its high gas sensing performance is derived from the large surface area, high activity and well dispersion of Pd additive, as well as high porosity, which lead to highly effective surface interaction between the target gas molecules and the surface active sites.     

Structural and properties of nanocrystalline WO3/TiO2-based humidity sensors elements prepared by high energy activation

Nanocrystalline WO₃/TiO₂-based powders have been prepared by the high energy activation method with WO₃ concentration ranging from 1 to 10 mol%. The samples were thermal treated in a microwave oven at 600 °C for 20 min and their structural and micro-structural characteristics were evaluated by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, EXAFS measurements at the Ti K-edge, and transmission electron microscopy. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms and H₂ Temperature Programmed Reduction were also carried out for physical characterization. The crystallite and particle mean sizes ranged from 30 to 40 nm and from 100 to 190 nm, respectively. Good sensor response was obtained for samples with at least 5 mol% WO₃ activated for at least 80 min. Ceramics heat-treated in microwave oven for 20 min have shown similar sensor response as those prepared in conventional oven for 120 min, which is highly cost effective. These results indicate that WO₃/TiO₂ ceramics can be used as a humidity sensor element.