"Explorations in Ecological Psychology": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by Roger G. Barker (American Psychologist, 1965, 20, 1-14). The captions for Figures 1 and 2 on pages 2 and 3, respectively, are correct and follow text, but the figures have been interchanged. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1965-08912-001.) The "great diversity of coupling between psychologists and psychological phenomena can be divided into 2 types which produce data of crucially different significance for the science of psychology." (1) Psychologists as Transducers--T Data: The psychologist transforms data and in effect is a translating machine. (2) Psychologists as Operators--O Data: The psychologist "achieves control which allows him to focus upon segments and processes of particular concern to him, via data that refer to events which he, in part, contrives." Psychologists "as operators and as transducers are not analogous, and . . . the data they produce have fundamentally different uses within science. A central problem of our science is the relation between ecological events (the distal stimuli) at the origin of E-O-E [environment-organism-environment] arcs and the succeeding events along these arcs." There "are a number of reasons for avoiding the role of transducer in psychological research . . . . The skills and personality attributes required of a successful transducer are different from those of a successful operator . . . . The techniques of the transducer are in many respects more difficult than those of the operator." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Drying of Uncoated Paper with Gas-Fired Infrared Emitters—Optimum Emitters' Location Within a Paper Machine Drying Section

This article theoretically investigates the drying of uncoated paper with gas-fired infrared (IR) emitters installed within the drying section of a given commercial paper machine. Specifically, it presents the ideal location of two opposing IR emitters within the drying section. The ideal location of the two opposing IR emitters corresponds to the highest machine speed with specified average moisture content of paper sheet at the end of the drying section. This article also presents the average evaporation rate, temperature, and moisture content of the paper sheet as it travels through the drying section with the two opposing IR emitters operating at the optimum location. In addition, the temperature and moisture profiles in the sheet thickness direction, before and after the IR emitters, are provided. This article is not concerned with the potential effects of drying with IR emitters on paper sheet properties and machine runnability issues.     

Modeling of discrete semiconductor devices

Numerical modeling established itself as a powerful tool for the analysis and design of discrete semiconductor devices and integrated circuits. The paper reviews the basic semiconductor equations, the physical internal mechanisms implemented in the present simulation programs and the numerical methods used to solve the nonlinear semiconductor equations. Selected results of numerical simulation of high frequency and high power discrete devices are given. The exemples comprise bipolar and FET devices made on Si or GaAs, operating in steady state or transient conditions and modeled in one or two dimensions.     

Definitions of terms for practical superconductors 1. Fundamental states and flux phenomena

The definitions of terms used in describing the phenomenology and measurement practices of practical superconductive materials are proposed. The definitions cover the subject categories of: 1. fundamental states and flux phenomena, 2. critical parameters, 3. fabrication, stabilization, and transient losses, and 4. Josephson phenomena. It is intended that these terms will become the basis for the development of standard measurement practices and responses are invited.     

Image-plane measurements of coexistence curve diameters

The diameter of the coexistence curve has been measured for several fluids to determine differences from linear form. The experimental method consists of optical interference measurements in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer supplemented by measurements of deviation in a hollow prism. The fluid sample is contained in a temperature-stabilized cell in one branch of the interferometer. A variation in cell temperature causes the density profile within the cell to change, resulting in a change of the interference pattern, which is monitored photographically. From the relation of this pattern at any temperature to the pattern at the critical temperature, information on the refractive indices of the liquid and vapor phases is obtained. This information is combined with measurements of the Lorentz-Lorenz coefficient to obtain liquid and vapor densities along the coexistence curve. The average of liquid and vapor densities is analyzed in terms of RG theory. The results of the experiment yield information on three body interactions. Studies have been completed on ethane, ethylene, hydrogen, and fluoroform.Paper presented at the Tenth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 20–23, 1988, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A.     

Computational battery dynamics (CBD)—electrochemical/thermal coupled modeling and multi-scale modeling

This paper reviews the development of first-principles based mathematical models for batteries developed on a framework parallel to computation fluid dynamics (CFD), herein termed computational battery dynamics (CBD). This general-purpose framework makes use of the similarity in the equations governing different battery systems, and has resulted in the development of robust models in a relatively short time. Here we review this framework, in the context of applications to the coupled modeling of the thermal and electrochemical behavior of cells, and to the modeling at three different scales, namely pore-level, cell-level and stack-level. The similarity and differences of our approach with other research groups are exemplified. Significant results from each of these advanced applications of modeling are highlighted with emphasis on the insights that can be gained from a first-principles model. In addition, we also demonstrate the usefulness of a combined experimental-modeling approach in describing cells. The models reviewed here are expected to be useful in predicting the behavior of advanced batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).     

Modelling the Garden of Perfect Brightness

The Yuan Ming Yuan, the Garden of Perfect Brightness, was the culmination of the art of Chinese Imperial gardens. Covering 350 hectares (875 acres) northwest of Beijing, it included 140 distinct sites, 2000 structures, thousands of pieces of furniture and precious objects, countless plants. It was almost totally destroyed in 1860 at the end of the second Opium War by English and French troops in one of the worst acts of cultural vandalism in recorded history. Rebuilding it has proven impossible, but now computer technology, based on 130 years of scholarly documentation makes it possible to build an accurate and detailed model, and will allow us to experience at least virtually the beauty and grandeur that was the Yuan Ming Yuan. This paper describes a project to build such a model, and details the main challenges and difficulties encountered. While commercially available graphics workstations and modelling software can take us most of the way in this task, they fall short with the modelling of natural phenomena such as plants, rocks and bodies of water. In addition the sheer size of the resulting database pushes rendering engines past their limits.     

Influence of the surface conditions on permeation in the deuterium–MANET system

The condition of the surfaces is of crucial importance for the deuterium permeation through materials. In this work a study of the surface constants for the adsorption (σk₁) and release (σk₂) of deuterium under different surface conditions on the martensitic steel DIN 1.4914 (MANET) has been carried out. The growth of an oxide surface layer (Cr₂O₃) of about 25–30 nm in a MANET sample, heat treated in an oxidizing environment, compared to the bare MANET that have a ‘natural' oxide of about 5 nm has provoked a reduction of both the permeation rate and the recombination coefficient (about 3 orders of magnitude). In addition, the permeation governing process has changed from diffusion-limited to surface-limited. The measurements of the permeation rate of deuterium were performed by a gas-phase permeation technique over the temperature range 574–746 K and for deuterium driving pressures in the range from 3 to 10⁵ Pa.     

Learning of symbiotic phenomena between agents by using neural networks

Recently, numerous attempts have been made by researchers to understand the essence of complex phenomena (complex systems). In this paper, we consider biological systems in nature as being among the most complex systems. The purpose of this paper is to propose a method of realizing symbiotic phenomena such as mutual benefit, competition, and exploitation more generally than the Lotka–Volterra equation by using neural networks. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(1): 77–88, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.1172 Copyright © 2002 Scripta Technica     

Possible bursting phenomena in self-tuning control

In this paper, in the case when there are no modelling errors, bursting phenomena in extended-least-squares- (ELS-) based self-tuning control are analysed. It is shown that in the absence of external excitation and without imposing structural conditions on the system model, bursts of the tracking error and consequently drift of the parameter estimates are possible. By analysing the possible occurrence of bursting, an upper bound on the convergence rate of the tracking error is established. It is demonstrated that it is the self-excitation mechanism which provides global stability of the adaptive system. In other words, the possible instability of the adaptive loop generates a bounded condition number of the covariance matrix. This in turn implies stabilization of the adaptive system. In this paper we also discuss a stochastic gradient algorithm with a convergence rate similar to that presently established for the ELS-based self-tuning controller.