A comparison of local phosphorescence detection and fluid dynamic gauging methods for studying the removal of cohesive fouling layers: Effect of layer roughness

The performance of industrial cleaning in place (CIP) procedures is critically important for food manufacture. CIP has yet to be optimised for many processes, in part since the mechanisms involved in cleaning are not fully understood. Laboratory tests have an important role in guiding industrial trials, and this paper introduces and compares two experimental techniques developed for studying CIP mechanisms: local phosphorescence detection (LPD), and scanning fluid dynamic gauging (sFDG).To illustrate the comparison, each technique is used to investigate the influence of soil topology on the cleaning of pre-gelatinised starch-based layers from stainless steel (SS 316) substrates by aqueous NaOH solutions at ambient temperature. The roughness of the soil surface is varied by incorporating zinc sulphide particles with different particle size distributions (range 1–80 μm) into the starch suspensions. The soil roughness increased with the use of larger particles, increasing the 3D arithmetic mean roughness (S_a) of the dry layers (range 0.37–3.33 μm). Rough layers were cleaned more readily than those containing small inclusions, with a good correlation between the cleaning rates observed during LPD and FDG measurements. The LPD technique, which is an instrumented CIP test, gives a better indication of the cleaning time, while sFDG measurements provide further insight into the removal mechanisms.     

空间磁化等离子体非线性受激电磁辐射进展

电磁波和磁化等离子体的非线性相互作用复杂,高功率电磁波调控电离层实验提供了研究非线性基本问题的主动方式.为构建空间磁化等离子体受激电磁辐射(stimulated electromagnetic emissions,SEEs)体系,本文首先总结了磁化等离子体中可能发生的参量不稳定性;其次,回顾了近十年国际电离层加热激发S...     

BCD工艺下光电集成的单光子雪崩光电二极管及前端电路的研制

提出一种基于BCD工艺用于检测微弱光信号的单光子雪崩光电二极管(SPAD)及前端淬灭-复位电路(QRC).为减小边缘击穿的风险,提高响应度,设计了一种圆形P+/Nwell/Deep Nwell结构SPAD,Deep Nwell和衬底之间形成的pn结,能够有效减少p衬底流向雪崩区的暗电流,降低暗计数率,也保证了较小的纵向...     

使用光子映射渲染参与介质

光子映射是近年发展起来的一种新的全局光照算法。本文依据光子映射对实体物体的渲染,将其扩展到对包含参与介质的场景的渲染,为此提出了一个两路的渲染算法。在第一路中,光子从光源发射,并使用光子追踪来构造体光子图;第二路从视点出发向场景中发射光线,使用光线追踪来进行渲染,其中,根据构造好的光子图,用光线步进进行
行递归的辐射估计,得出最终光强。     

光致荧光剂量计β辐照器的研制及性能研究

本文针对空间辐射、核动力远洋、核应急等特殊环境下个人及环境剂量监测量值无法实时校准的问题,研制了一种便携式的β辐照器,可携带至现场对光致荧光剂量计（OSLD）进行校准,为特殊环境下剂量监测的准确性提供计量保障。β辐照器采用可替换的⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y平面电镀源作为校准源,并可溯源至标准β辐射场,通过电磁阀控制辐照动作,其总质量小于3 kg。研究结果表明：β辐照器周围剂量当量率处于环境水平;参考点平均剂量率为0.060~0.083 mGy/s,其相对标准不确定度为6.9%;辐照剂量重复性为3.9%（n=10）。     

Effect of lanthanum content on the conduction behaviors and relaxation processes of lead lanthanum zirconate titanate antiferroelectric ceramics

(Pb_1-xLa_x) (Zr_0.92Ti_0.08)_1-x/4O₃ (PLZT x/92/8, x = 3, 5 and 7 at%) ceramics with compositions near the antiferroelectric (AFE)-ferroelectric (FE) phase boundary were fabricated by a solid-state reaction method. The effect of lanthanum content on the conduction behaviors and relaxation processes has been investigated. It was verified that the main phase with orthorhombic structure was formed in all compositions. The increase of lanthanum substitution resulted in an enhancement of diffuse phase transition. Impedance analysis suggested that the ac conductivity decreased with increasing lanthanum content. Moreover, thermally stimulated depolarization current study was utilized to establish the correlation between defect structures and relaxation processes. It showed three peaks with distinct characteristics, which originated from dipole orientation, oxygen vacancy migration and phase transition respectively. The oxygen vacancy-related defects induced by lanthanum doping were mainly responsible for the variation of conduction behaviors and relaxation processes.     

热致感应型形状记忆高分子材料及其研究进展

讨论了热致感就型形状记忆高分子材料的记忆原理和对材料的基本要求厅求,介绍了目前已遥产品品种及制备方法,并进一步评述阳了近的研究进展。     

基于InGaAs/InP雪崩光电二极管的高速光子数可分辨探测

通过正弦门低通滤波方案,实现了基于InGaAs/InP雪崩光电二极管(APD)的高速单光子探测。同时,配合多通道集成技术,完成了四合一的GHz单光子探测阵列。最后,通过空间分束的方法,实现了GHz 4光子的高速光子数可分辨探测。通过和理论值比较,发现光子数分辨的误差最大仅为2.285%,达到了有效的分辨。研究多通道光子数可分辨技术,为激光测距、随机数生成器以及量子保密通信等诸多领域的快速发展提供了保障。     

PCS亚微米及纳米颗粒粒度测量仪的研制

介绍一种利用光子相关光谱技术进行亚微米及纳米颗粒粒度测量的PCS粒度仪的工作原理和设计。