Quantum radiometry

We review radiometric techniques that take advantage of photon counting and stem from the quantum laws of nature. We present a brief history of metrological experiments and review the current state of experimental quantum radiometry.     

Low temperature phase barium borate: A new optical limiter in continuous wave and nano pulsed regime

Low temperature phase barium borate was synthesized by hydrothermal method. XRD analysis confirms the formation of γ-BBO or hydrated barium polyborate (Ba₃B₆O₉(OH)₆) which crystallizes in monoclinic system in the P2/c space group. The molecular structure analysis shows the presence of dominant BO₄ unit and the hydrated nature of material. γ-BBO exhibits sharp absorption edge at 202 nm and highly transparency in the UV–Visible–NIR region. The peak at 347 nm in the emission spectrum is due to the presence of self-trapped exciton. The third order nonlinear optical properties and limiting behavior of low temperature barium borate in both pulsed and continuous wave regime were studied. The effective 2PA absorption coefficient of γ-BBO under ns pulse excitation is estimated to be 0.38 × 10⁻¹⁰ m/W. The nonlinear absorption coefficient, refractive index and optical susceptibility of the material in cw regime were found to be in the order of 10⁻⁵ m W⁻¹, 10⁻¹² m² W⁻¹, 10⁻⁶ esu respectively. In both regimes, low temperature phase barium borate exhibits better optical limiting properties than high temperature phase β-BBO.     

用于光子计数的InGaAs/InP SPAD设计

重点研究了InGaAs/InP SPAD的隧道贯穿电场、雪崩击穿电场、雪崩宽度与过偏电压的关系,提出了过偏电压的计算方法.分析了InGaAs/InP SPAD的基本特性即探测效率、暗计数率与其过偏电压、工作温度、量子效率、电场分布的依赖关系,提出了一种单光子InGaAs雪崩二极管的设计方法.设计制作了InGaAs/InP SPAD,并在门控淬灭模式下进行了单光子探测实验.结果表明:对于200m的SPAD,在过偏2 V、温度-40 ℃条件下,探测效率(PDE) 20%(1 550 nm)、暗计数率(DCR)20 kHz;对于50m的SPAD,在过偏2.5 V、温度-40 ℃条件下,探测效率(PDE) 23%(1 550 nm)、暗计数率(DCR)2 kHz.最后对实验结果进行了分析和讨论.     

上海光源前端高热负载挡光器的结构设计与优化

为了有效处理上海光源前端挡光器接收的高热负载,研究了挡光器的结构设计及其优化方法。选用高导热性、高强度的GlidCop AL-15制造挡光器吸收体,采用直接水冷和掠入射结构提高其热缓释能力。以对流换热系数和压力降为评价指标,选用佩图克方程和达尔西-韦斯巴赫方程优化冷却水路,通过热分析得到了不同参数下挡光器的温度和热应力分析结果,从而确定了挡光器的结构设计优化参数。优化后挡光器的水路直径为6mm,水路到光照面的距离为9mm,光照面接线处圆角≥2mm,且水路与光束方向基本平行。与初始结构相比,优化后挡光器的最高整体温度和最高冷却壁温度分别下降约8%和1/4,最大等效应力降低了1/2左右,完全满足上海光源前端部件的设计要求。目前,应用优化参数设计的挡光器已应用于上海光源实际工程中。     

Increased conversion efficiency in cadmium telluride photovoltaics by luminescent downshifting with quantum dot/poly(methyl methacrylate) films

Commercially available quantum dots have been encapsulated in a poly(methyl methacrylate) film and used as a luminescent downshifting layer on cadmium sulfide/cadmium telluride photovoltaic devices. Application of these films has resulted in a relative improvement to the short‐circuit current of over 4% by I–V measurement, with a significant increase in the contribution of short‐wavelength light resulting in 25% of the current available in this part of the spectrum being captured. The films have been shown to be highly scattering and the associated difficulties this provides to external quantum efficiency measurements have been discussed. A range of optical characterisation techniques, particularly laser beam induced current, have been used to probe the effect the films have on a cadmium sulfide/cadmium telluride device. An alternate methodology for performing external quantum efficiency measurements with the quantum dot films has been proposed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comparison of local phosphorescence detection and fluid dynamic gauging methods for studying the removal of cohesive fouling layers: Effect of layer roughness

The performance of industrial cleaning in place (CIP) procedures is critically important for food manufacture. CIP has yet to be optimised for many processes, in part since the mechanisms involved in cleaning are not fully understood. Laboratory tests have an important role in guiding industrial trials, and this paper introduces and compares two experimental techniques developed for studying CIP mechanisms: local phosphorescence detection (LPD), and scanning fluid dynamic gauging (sFDG).To illustrate the comparison, each technique is used to investigate the influence of soil topology on the cleaning of pre-gelatinised starch-based layers from stainless steel (SS 316) substrates by aqueous NaOH solutions at ambient temperature. The roughness of the soil surface is varied by incorporating zinc sulphide particles with different particle size distributions (range 1–80 μm) into the starch suspensions. The soil roughness increased with the use of larger particles, increasing the 3D arithmetic mean roughness (S_a) of the dry layers (range 0.37–3.33 μm). Rough layers were cleaned more readily than those containing small inclusions, with a good correlation between the cleaning rates observed during LPD and FDG measurements. The LPD technique, which is an instrumented CIP test, gives a better indication of the cleaning time, while sFDG measurements provide further insight into the removal mechanisms.     

基于嵌入式示波器的光子信号采集及自相关算法的设计

基于TDS5052B数字示波器设计了一种简化的光子信号采集和自相关算法。基于示波器中的嵌入式Windows2000操作系统,应用LabVIEW和VisualC++软件,实现了光子信号的高速采集以及基于多-tau原理的数字相关。与BrookHaven光子相关光谱仪进行比较,结果表明,该光子信号采集与自相关算法是可行的。     

基于单光子计数激光雷达的Bayesian检测研究

在单光子计数激光雷达检测领域,目前的检测方法在低信噪比情况下虚警概率会增加,同时也无法适应噪声变化的问题。针对这些问题,提出了一种基于Bayesian的检测方法,该方法首先通过雷达方程估计回波信号光子数的范围,将其作为先验信息,而后结合二项分布建立了累计概率模型,基于Bayesian判决准则计算得到检测阈值,此阈值能够在检测概率与虚警概率中间择其平衡。这种方法不仅克服了低信噪比检测困难的情况,还减少了先验信息的获取难度。实验结果表明,对比固定阈值其虚警概率降低了10倍。对比“恒虚警”其检测概率提高了约20%。验证了方法具有良好的检测效果,具备一定的可操作性。