Thermally stimulated recovery of plastic strain in crosslinked and uncrosslinked epoxy/amine systems

Effects of crosslinks on plastic strain recovery in epoxy glass was studied by means of thermally stimulated strain recovery (TSSR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Two types of samples were prepared from bisphenol-A type epoxide monomer: one had a crosslinked structure cured by 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane and the other had a linear uncrosslinked structure polymerized by aniline. Both specimens were compressed first in the rubbery state and subsequently compressed further in the glassy state. After compressed in the glassy state, the specimens were subjected to the TSSR and the DSC measurements. The TSSR results indicated that the amount of plastic strain recovering at temperatures below the glass transition temperature T_g was larger for the crosslinked sample than for the linear sample. On the other hand, the DSC results indicated that the amount of exothermic heat flow at temperatures below T_g was less for the crosslinked sample than for the linear sample. These results presumably indicate that, for the crosslinked epoxy glass deformed in the glassy state, glass-like strain recovers quite cooperatively with rubber-like strain at temperatures below T_g, in contrast to independent recovery of these strains in the linear epoxy glass.     

交替温度对FBG性能蜕化的影响机理及试验研究

纤芯折射率调制深度是影响布拉格光纤光栅(FBG)蜕化的唯一参数,仿真分析了折射率调制深度对反射谱峰值、过零带宽的影响。利用能级跃迁理论揭示了环境冲击引起势阱电子溢出,进而引起折射率调制深度减小的FBG性能蜕化连环影响机理。设计了试验系统,利用高低温循环试验分别对4个不同应变工况下的FBG进行加速蜕化作用。实验结果表明:温度循环交替冲击会使FBG产生较快的蜕化现象;在各个蜕化阶段,应变越大的FBG蜕化效应愈明显,施加应变为1 500με的FBG在1 000个交变循环后,反射光谱几乎就难以识别,失去传感能力。     

纳米SiO_2/芳纶绝缘纸复合材料的空间电荷特性和介电性能

为提高油纸绝缘系统的绝缘寿命,提出将纳米SiO_2粒子改性的芳纶绝缘纸应用于直流输变电设备的方法。在加压和去压短路条件下,测试了不同纳米SiO_2含量的芳纶绝缘纸试样的空间电荷特性、热刺激去极化电流、直流击穿强度和体积电阻率。结果表明:添加纳米SiO_2使芳纶绝缘纸的线均电荷密度明显低于纯芳纶纸试样;随纳米SiO_2含量的增加,试样平均电荷密度衰减速率呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势;SiO_2的添加增加了芳纶纸内部深陷阱和浅陷阱的密度;纳米SiO_2含量为1wt%时直流击穿强度最大;芳纶纸的体积电阻率随纳米SiO_2含量增加呈单调递增趋势。机理分析表明纳米SiO_2粒子浓度过高时,其分散性变差导致其对芳纶纸性能的改善作用变弱。     

基于布里渊和瑞利散射光拍频的方法测量温度

基于光纤非线性效应,设计并搭建出一套布里渊散射光与瑞利光拍频测量温度的实验装置,用布里渊频移量对温度系数进行标定,并采用三种不同方法进行数据处理,结果表明采用频移量均值线性拟合结果较好,得到的布里渊温度频移系数为1.005 MHz/℃,该温度传感系统的测量精度为0.7 ℃。     

High-resolution simultaneous three-photon fluorescence and third-harmonic-generation microscopy

In recent years, nonlinear laser scanning microscopy has gained much attention due to its unique ability of deep optical sectioning. Based on our previous studies, a 1,200-1,300-nm femtosecond laser can provide superior penetration capability with minimized photodamage possibility. However, with the longer wavelength excitation, three-photon-fluorescence (3PF) would be necessary for efficient use of intrinsic and extrinsic visible fluorophores. The three-photon process can provide much better spatial resolution than two-photon-fluorescence due to the cubic power dependency. On the other hand, third-harmonic-generation (THG), another intrinsic three-photon process, is interface-sensitive and can be used as a general structural imaging modality to show the exact location of cellular membranes. The virtual-transition characteristic of THG prevents any excess energy from releasing in bio-tissues and, thus, THG acts as a truly noninvasive imaging tool. Here we demonstrated the first combined 3PF and THG microscopy, which can provide three-dimensional high-resolution images with both functional molecule specificity and sub-micrometer structural mapping capability. The simultaneously acquired 3PF and THG images based on a 1,230-nm Cr:forsterite femtosecond laser are shown with a Hoechst-labeled hepatic cell sample. Strong 3PF around 450 nm from DNA-bounded Hoechst-33258 can be observed inside each nucleus while THG reveals the location of plasma membranes and other membrane-based organelles such as mitochondria. Considering that the maximum-allowable laser power in common nonlinear laser microscopy is less than 10 mW at 800 nm, it is remarkable that even with a 100-mW 1,230-nm incident power, there is no observable photo damage on the cells, demonstrating the noninvasiveness of this novel microscopy technique.     

CaAl2O4：Eu^2＋，Nd^3＋纳米粉体的合成与表征

采用溶胶一凝胶法制备了CaAl2O4：Eu^2＋，Nd^3＋纳米粉体发光材料。样品的XRD和SEM分析结果表明：800℃已形成CaAl2O4晶相；样品颗粒尺寸随灼烧温度升高而增加，平均粒径约为20nm～40nm。光谱分析表明：样品的激发光谱为240nm～400nm的宽带谱，在256．6nm和330．6nm处有激发峰。发光光谱是386nm～500nm的宽带谱，峰值位于440nm，与CaAl2O4：Eu^2＋，Nd^3＋粗晶材料相比，光谱发生了“蓝移”现象。样品的热释光峰值位于206℃，与粗晶材料相比，峰值向高温移动了96℃，热释发光峰曲线形状也变宽。样品的发光衰减是由初始的快衰减和随后的慢衰减构成，余辉时间为5h。     

Multiphoton microscopic imaging of adipose tissue based on second-harmonic generation and two-photon excited fluorescence

The fresh adipose tissue was investigated by the use of multiphoton microscopy (MPM) based on two-photon excited fluorescence and second-harmonic generation (SHG). Microstructure of collagen and adipose cells in the adipose tissue is clearly imaged at a subcellular level with the excitation light wavelengths of 850 and 730 nm, respectively. The emission spectrum of collagen SHG signal and NADH and FAD fluorescence signal can also be obtained, which can be used to quantify the content of collagen and adipose cells and reflect the degree of pathological changes when comparing normal tissue with abnormal adipose tissue in the same condition. The results indicate that MPM has the potential to be applied to investigate the adipose tissue and can be used in the research field of lipid and connective tissues.     

A simple introduction to multiphoton microscopy

Multiphoton microscopy is a powerful technique based on complex quantum mechanical effects. Thanks to the development of turnkey mode-locked laser systems, multiphoton microscopy is now available for everyone to use without extreme complexity. In this short introduction, we describe qualitatively the important concepts underlying the most commonly used type of multiphoton microscopy (two-photon excitation). We elucidate how those properties lead to the powerful results that have been achieved using this technique. As with any technique, two-photon excitation microscopy has limitations that we describe, and we provide examples of particular classes of experiments where two-photon excitation microscopy is advantageous over other approaches. Finally, we briefly describe other useful multiphoton microscopy approaches, such as three-photon excitation and second harmonic generation imaging.     

A scanning near-field optical microscope having scanning electron tunnelling microscope capability using a single metallic probe tip

A new microscope system that has the combined capabilities of a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) and a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) is described. This is achieved with the use of a single metallic probe tip. The distance between the probe tip and the sample surface is regulated by keeping the tunnelling current constant. In this mode of operation, information about the optical properties of the sample, such as its refractive index distribution and absorption characteristics, can be disassociated from the information describing its surface structure. Details of the surface structure can be studied at resolutions smaller than the illumination wavelength. The performance of the microscope is evaluated by analysing a grating sample that was made by coating a glass substrate with gold. The results are then compared with the corresponding SNOM and STM images of the grating.     

Autofluorescence spectroscopy and imaging of Platymonas subcordiformis irradiated by diode laser based on LSCM

Autofluorescence spectra and optical imaging of Platymonas subcordiformis after irradiation of diode laser were observed via laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). With 488 nm Ar(+) laser excitation, the horizontal and vertical dimensions of a cup-shaped chloroplast of the irradiation group increased about 10% compared with the control group. The fluorescence spectra were similar between irradiation group and control group with a maximum fluorescence band around 682 nm, whereas the former has a higher intensity. Image of a small circular substance with stronger two-photon autofluorescence (TPA) was obtained when using two-photon excitation wavelength of 800 nm in single-channel mode. Further analysis by the 800 nm excitation based on two independent-channels mode showed an emission band of the small circular substance around 376-505 nm, which corresponded to the eyespot of P. subcordiformis. In lambda scanning mode, with two-photon wavelength of 800 nm excitation, six fluorescence peaks that are located at 465, 520, 560, 617, 660 and 680 nm were observed; the fluorescence intensity of the irradiation group was higher than that of the control group, especially at 520, 560 and 617 nm. As a conclusion, diode laser irradiation can promote chloroplast growth of P. subcordiformis cells in the form of expanding area and the increasing content of protein, phospholipids and chlorophyll. LSCM, especially TPA imaging based on femtosecond laser excitation, provides a nondestructive, real-time and accurate method to study changes of living algal cells under laser irradiation and other environmental factors.