Non-color distortion for visible light transmitted tandem solid state dye-sensitized solar cells

A tandem solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell (SSDSC) without color distortion for potential photovoltaic window applications is reported. The bifacial tandem SSDSC with two spectrally complementary sensitizers using parallel-connection is realized, which leads to non-color distortion. The Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity diagram is applied to verify the extent of color distortion. At this circumstance, the photovoltaic performance for the tandem SSDSC with a power conversion efficiency of 3.3% was achieved under AM 1.5G, 100 mW/cm² illumination. The overall efficiency in the tandem architecture outperformed each individual cell. Our results demonstrate the feasibility for visible light transmission, non-color distortion, power-generating windows for application in building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). Moreover, this tandem SSDSC architecture has potential for the integration into window curtains application due to its flexible characteristics. With further extension of the absorber spectrum into the IR region, a better solid-state tandem DSC is expected.     

德国的建筑节能技术

本文对德国的节能建材、建筑构造、节能体系、采暖系统等作了详情的介绍，这些宝贵经验对推动我国建筑节能事业颇有裨益，值得我们借鉴。     

A photoelectrochemical solar cell based on ZnO/dye/polypyrrole film electrode as photoanode

Nanostructured ZnO film electrodes were prepared. A preliminary PEC solar cell based on nanostructured Zno/dye/polypyrrole (PPy) film electrode was fabricated. A fill factor of 0.754 and a high overall light to electricity conversion efficiency of 1.3% for this PEC solar cell were obtained. The sensitization mechanisms of the nanostructured ZnO electrodes were also discussed.     

The use of poly(vinylpyridine-co-acrylonitrile) in polymer electrolytes for quasi-solid dye-sensitized solar cells

Poly(vinylpyridine-co-acrylonitrile) (P(VP-co-AN)) was used to form polymer electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The effects of P(VP-co-AN) on the photovoltaic performances of DSSCs have been investigated with nonaqueous electrolytes containing alkali-iodide and iodine. It was found that the effect of P(VP-co-AN) on V_oc closely related to its amount in the electrolyte. Lower amount of P(VP-co-AN) was benefit for the construction of a solar cell containing P(VP-co-AN) with higher energy conversion efficiency. Chemically crosslinking solidification with backbone polymer P(VP-co-AN) amount of 3% fabricated quasi-solid DSSCs with 10% increased conversion efficiencies with relative to that of the initial liquid DSSCs.     

A new energy efficient, environment friendly and high productive texturization process of industrial multicrystalline silicon solar cells

A new texturization process based on a uniform, isotropic and slow removal of silicon, using a composition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution at an elevated temperature is developed recently for multicrystalline silicon solar cells. This process is applied in optimized condition in regular industrial production line and it immediately replaces the old popular industrial process of texturization using a combination of NaOH solution, alcoholic NaOH solution and hydrochloric acid solution in different steps at a higher temperature. Also the gain in solar cell efficiency at global AM1.5 spectrum, 1 SUN intensity condition is nearly 10% in final value. In addition, it has become finally an energy efficient and environment friendly texturization process for large area multicrystalline silicon solar cells for commercial use. In this paper the cost effectiveness and environment friendly aspects of the proposed process have been studied in detail along with the surface texture analysis of wafers with SEM and AFM micrographs to substantiate the reasons behind the above facts.     

Numerical and experimental analysis of pure aluminium shear panels with welded stiffeners

In the field of passive seismic protection of framed buildings shear panels can be effectively applied as hysteretic devices. Recently, a wide experimental and numerical study has been undertaken at the University of Naples in order to investigate the behaviour of aluminium alloy stiffened shear panels. Test results show that the proposed system is characterised by a large energy dissipation capacity and therefore is suitable to be used for seismic protection of new and existing framed buildings. To simulate the hysteretic behaviour of the systems, according to the experimental tests, a refined FEM model has been set up. The comparison between experimental and numerical results shows that the adopted model is reliable enough to well interpret a number of important behavioural phenomena in terms of the main global features of the system.     

Zinc-phthalocyaninetetraphosphonic acid as a novel transparent-conducting-oxide passivation for organic photovoltaic devices

A novel monolayer chemical passivation improving the surface electronic properties of indium-tin oxide (ITO), used as an electrode in organic solar cells (OSC), is reported. Deposition of zinc-phthalocyaninetetraphosphonic acid on ITO substrates, from a water solution, creates a chemically bound organic monolayer passivation, which improves the charge transfer through the ITO/zinc-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) interface in ZnPc/C₆₀ OSC. Current–voltage measurements on devices produced on such substrates show improved serial and parallel resistances as well as fill factor, compared to OSC on non-passivated substrates. The use of this novel passivation for electrodes allows to dispose off the additional conventional PEDOT:PSS buffer layer.     

Estimation of monthly averaged direct normal solar radiation using elevation angle for any location

Light concentrators used in solar photovoltaic and solar thermal applications, and concentrates light by a factor of 10 or more, use only direct normal solar radiation, I_N. A new method, called elevation angle constant (EAC) method, is developed to determine the resource potential of I_N for different locations. This method is applicable to estimate the I_N at any location in the world. The EAC method is based on empirical relations. The method calculates the elevation angle constant (ε) for a given location and time. It uses readily available daily global and diffuse global radiation data to estimate the I_N. This is different from existing methods which invariably uses hourly global and diffuse radiation. The values of I_N are estimated for 12 locations across the world. The values of I_N obtained using the EAC method have been compared with values obtained using the model-based approach (Appendix-1). The comparison is also done with the measured values for some stations. Ninety percent of the estimated values of I_N using the EAC method for the stations like Angola, Egypt, Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Brussels, Stuttgart, Ottawa, Birmingham, Los Angeles, Wellington, Perth and New Delhi are within ±5% of the values estimated by the model-based approach (Appendix-1).     

西藏自治区民用建筑采暖设计地方标准简介

标准结合西藏的能源供应模式和生态特点,提出通过主、被动式太阳能利用和建筑保温方法解决当地的采暖问题,主动式供暖系统以太阳能热水为主要热源;标准涉及供暖室内外计算参数的确定、热负荷计算、太阳能热水系统设计等方面,为当地民用建筑供暖制定了设计依据.     

The passive solar heated school in Wallasey. VII. Window opening behaviour and the microclimate of a classroom

Previous work on factors which influence the opening or closing of windows suggests that at low ambient temperatures movement might be associated with odour levels, at intermediate temperatures, with ambient humidity and at higher ambient temperatures with the need to cool buildings. The data on window position, together with other physical measures during the period of observation in the Wallasey School, has been examined to see what quantity is most closely associated with window position. It appears that in the classroom the number of open windows depends mainly upon air temperature, but it also depends markedly on time of day.