Extended activated sludge model no. 1 (ASM1) for simulating biodegradation process using bacterial technology

Phosphorus is one of the most important nutrients required to support various kinds of biodegradation processes. As this particular nutrient is not included in the activated sludge model no. 1 (ASM1), this study extended this model in order to determine the fate of phosphorus during the biodegradation processes. When some of the kinetics parameters are modified using observed data from the restoration project of the Xuxi River in Wuxi City, China, from August 25 to 31 in 2009, the extended model shows excellent results. In order to obtain optimum values of coefficients of nitrogen and phosphorus, the mass fraction method was used to ensure that the final results were reasonable and practically relevant. The temporal distribution of the data calculated with the extended ASM1 approximates that of the observed data.     

河道烧录算法提取出断裂河网的必要条件探究

河道烧录算法是比较常用的基于实际河网修正提取模拟河网的方法。该方法能有效地提取出同实际河网高相似度的模拟河网。然而,在某些情况下,所提取的河网会产生"断裂"现象。深入研究发现,出现"断裂"的必要条件是:(1)实际河网栅格中存在全局高估栅格;(2)实际河网源头栅格正好位于DEM有效数据边界上。在实际应用中,只要消除两个条件中的任何一个,即可有效地避免提取出"断裂"的模拟河网。     

CREATING AND EVALUATING DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL‐BASED STREAM‐POWER MAP AS A STREAM ASSESSMENT TOOL

As urban development increases, a need is emerging to understand and predict river behaviour in order to focus rehabilitation efforts and protect the natural river system while preserving urban infrastructure. Stream assessment methods are reviewed to demonstrate the need for a physically based and objective method that is also accessible in terms of time, data requirements and expertise. The case of Highland Creek near Toronto, Canada, is used to demonstrate a new type of initial stream assessment method that is based on the concept of stream power and performed entirely in a geographic information system using information from a digital elevation model (DEM). The results from this analysis are tested against existing information for Highland Creek. This includes a hydraulic model (Hydraulic Engineering Center's ‘River Analysis System’), field‐measured slopes, air photos and the geomorphic effects of an extreme flood. In addition, the results are presented in map form to demonstrate the effectiveness of visualizing the stream‐power distribution over the entire basin and also the usefulness of overlaying stream power onto other available information. The slopes extracted from the DEM are found to be statistically similar to those from a one‐dimensional hydraulic model and field‐measured slopes. Individual peaks in slope as well as locations of stream‐power maxima and minima are found to correlate to actual channel features as seen in air photos. The extreme flood event of August 2005 caused a dramatic change in channel form at the exact location of maximum energy predicted by the DEM‐based stream‐power analysis. The case of Highland Creek illustrates how this approach yields a useful outcome for understanding stream dynamics and stability as part of a stream assessment process. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于辽河中下游来水来沙特点的分析研究

辽河是中国七大江河之一,同时辽河也是一条多沙河流。据统计,1954—2010年系列辽河下游六间房站多年平均含沙量达3.32 kg/m3,辽河中下游的泥沙淤积是一个亟待解决的问题。为对辽河中下游水沙特点更好的研究,摸清辽河中下游泥沙冲淤演变规律,特对辽河中下游各主要支流选取一个水文站作为控制,得出了辽河来水来沙特点是东部水量大,且西辽河是辽河干流泥沙最主要的来源。     

东江河流生态评价及其修复方略

本文通过对大型无脊椎底栖动物状况的调查对东江河流水生态状况进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了生态修复方略。从上游到河口选12个点采集底栖动物样本,发现东江流域底栖动物生物多样性在上游和中游保持在较高水平,而到下游则迅速降低到零。对增江湾、西枝江牛轭湖等处的取样进行分析并探讨改善东江生态的方法。针对不同生态应力提出了3种生态修复方略:1.创造多样性的生物栖息地,开发和形成一系列类似增江湾那样的缓流滞流区,把已经隔离的牛轭湖和江边湖泊湿地重新与江水连通;2.调整大坝运用方式,采取大坝泄放的流量逐渐增加和减少的方式,给生物发出流速增大和降低的信号,使其得以准备和躲避;3.稳定岸坡、控制侵蚀、保护和发育河边植被。     

Quantity,controls and functions of large woody debris in Midwestern USA streams

Large woody debris (LWD) can increase stream habitat heterogeneity by providing structure, altering flow patterns, enhancing sediment deposition, forming pools and retaining organic matter. In North America, the role of LWD has been studied extensively in streams of mature forests (e.g. Pacific Northwest), but few studies have assessed LWD in streams of younger forests (e.g. Midwestern USA). Our objectives were to: (1) quantify the volume and abundance of LWD in a set of Midwestern streams; (2) evaluate possible factors influencing LWD quantity; (3) identify the functional roles of LWD; and (4) compare LWD levels in the upper Midwest to those elsewhere in North America. In 2002 and 2003, we measured LWD and geomorphological variables in 15 low‐gradient streams draining previously logged watersheds in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Mean (±SE) LWD volume (0.77 ± 0.12 m³ 100 m⁻²) and abundance (33 ± 3 pieces 100 m⁻¹) were 71% and 10% lesser, respectively, than in streams of similar gradient elsewhere in North America. Channel shape (width:depth ratio) explained 30% of the variation in LWD volume (multiple stepwise regression, P = 0.015) while LWD length and length:channel width combined, explained 72% of the variation in LWD density (multiple stepwise regression, P < 0.0001). About 50% of the LWD either stored sediment or stabilized banks and 14% of the LWD formed pools, although pool density was not significantly related to LWD volume or density. LWD levels, overall, were low in upper Midwestern streams, but the relative importance of that LWD to ecosystem function may be magnified in these wood‐poor systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

STREAM RESTORATION AND CRIBWALL PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF CRIBWALL MONITORING IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO

Stream restoration focusing on adaptable natural and inert material use has been implemented through soil bioengineering designs aimed at the stabilization of urbanized streams. Within each design application materials such as large wood, sediment fill and vegetation must be suited to diverse settings. This paper discusses the application of cribwalls as soil bioengineering designs found in two Southern Ontario watersheds and the criteria that influence their performance. Field measurements of cribwall cuttings, sediment sampling, erosion pin monitoring, and computer‐generated stream power analysis are used to compare design performance at several sites. It is determined that the technical specifications of the design and site characteristics such as stream power distribution, sediment, and channel planform are equally involved in long‐term streambank stability. The results indicate that cribwalls with dense cutting growth perform well on streambanks that offer a greater amount of soil cohesion, nutrients, and infiltration in the mid and upper sections of the bank. In streams with moderate channel slopes and stream power distribution that is above the watershed mean, streams with well‐developed floodplains, sinuous channel planforms, and low bank height ratios perform better than those that are confined, straightened, and have greater bank height ratios. Throughout the comparison of several cribwall sites, the implication of this work is to demonstrate how to assess the fitness of similar soil bioengineering designs for application to diverse stream settings and to further validate their significance in stream restoration as designs that are multifunctional. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

管道无压流的过流能力研究

利用数学极值理论分析了管道无压流最大过流量、最大流速的发生工况,并建立了最大过流量、最大流速与管线纵坡、管径、管道糙率的关系表达式,为管道设计提供参考和依据。     

淮河干流正阳关至峡山口段 河道整治研究

通过分析淮河干流形态、水沙时空分布、冲淤变化等基本特性,开展了河工模型试验研究和二维水动力数值计算,采用2003、2005、2007年实测洪水资料对模型进行率定与验证,模拟值与实测资料吻合较好,为河道整治提供了研究思路。利用模型对河道整治方案进行了效果分析,对行洪区调度方案进行了优化。     

基于MODIS数据的浙江省植被覆盖度时空变化分析

以浙江省为研究区,基于2009-2018年MODIS_NDVI数据,采用MVC最大值合成法获取逐月NDVI值,利用改进的像元二分模型估算2009-2018年植被覆盖度,结合DEM数据及《浙江省林地保护利用规划》(2010-2020年)中的林地分区,分析浙江省植被覆盖度的时空变化情况.结果 表明:①2009-2018年浙...