Joint pricing and advertising strategy with reference price effect

Consumers are susceptible to reference price effects when they make purchase decisions for a certain product. Meanwhile, the sales price and advertisement are the determinable factors that have impact on consumers’ reference price which are also fundamental marketing strategies. Therefore, how to determine an appropriate sales price and advertising effort level to maximise firms’ profits is an essential task. A joint pricing and advertising problem for a monopolistic firm with consideration of reference price effect is investigated, where consumer demand rate is price-sensitivity and depends on the gap between the sales price and the reference price in consumers’ mind. An optimisation model is established to maximise the firm’s total profit by making a joint pricing and advertising strategy. The static and dynamic joint strategies are obtained by applying Pontryagin’s maximum principle. Results show that the dynamic strategies dominate the static ones. Furthermore, the dynamic pricing and dynamic advertising strategies are strategic complements. Additionally, the length of the sales period plays a key role in determining the superiority of the two dynamic strategies. Specifically, a relatively short sales period highlights the value of the dynamic advertising while a long sales period strengthens the function of the dynamic pricing.     

Myopic vs. far-sighted behaviours in a revenue-sharing supply chain with reference quality effects

In this paper, we consider a dynamic supply chain where a manufacturer produces and distributes a featured product through an exclusive retailer to end consumers. The manufacturer decides the product quality and wholesale price, while the retailer sets the retail price in the presence of a revenue-sharing contract and consumers’ reference quality effects. The objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of myopic behaviour regarding the reference quality on the product quality and pricing strategies and profits of both members. Our results suggest that the manufacturer’s myopia leads to a higher quality, higher price strategy and a higher quality–price ratio which benefits consumers. Meanwhile, relative to the far-sighted behaviour, myopia results in a more quality-sensitive but less price-sensitive market demand. What’s more, we find that the manufacturer is apt to act in a far-sighted way, but the retailer isn’t always willing to cooperate with a far-sighted manufacturer. Taking myopic strategies for both members is likely to gain a high profit of the whole supply chain for a relatively high marginal contribution of product quality on demand and a relatively low revenue-sharing proportion.     

Reference Range Estimation: Accounting for Measurement System Errors

Reference range is a statistic that is used in health related fields to represent the range of the most likely values for a variable of interest. Based on this range, individuals are classified as being healthy or unhealthy. In biostatistics, the reference range is calculated as the (1 ? α)% prediction interval, where this prediction interval is based on the estimated population variance from the data. Such estimation of population variance is not precise, because obtained test results do usually have errors associated with them. These errors are due to the imprecise test procedure or gauge used. In this paper, the total variability in the data is decomposed into two categories. The first is the patient‐to‐patient variability and the other is the variability due to the measurement system used. Estimation of the two kinds is performed through a gauge repeatability and reproducibility study, then the reference range is calculated, taking into account only the patient‐to‐patient variability. The revised reference range procedure is illustrated through a case study of vitamin B12 test results. A closed form formula is given to calculate the probability of a given test result being within the revised reference range. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定黄金首饰金含量不确定度的评定

黄金首饰的表层元素经X射线激发,发射出特征X射线荧光能量光谱线.不同元素的能量光谱线与其含量存在着特定的线性关系.能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪通过采用脉冲高度分析器和配套的相关软件将不同能量的脉冲分开,找出相应的元素,测量相应元素的具体含量值.通过X射线荧光光谱仪对黄金首饰的金含量测出的一系列测量值,依据GB/T18043-2013对黄金首饰样品金含量的不确定度进行计算.对采用的黄金标准物质运用最小二乘法建立数学模型,以标准值为x,3次测量值的平均值为y,找出线性关系方程.通过标准物质的运用,当置信因子k=2时,最终分别计算出18K金样品、足金样品金含量的扩展不确定度.     

基于模型参考模糊自适应控制的永磁同步电机控制器设计

基于模型参考模糊自适应控制（MRFAC）方法设计永磁同步电机（PMSM）速度控制器。该控制器具有传统模型参考自适应控制构架。传统模型参考自适应控制系统中的反馈控制器和常规自适应机构分别由主模糊控制器、模糊自适应机构替代，模糊逆模型结合自适应调整算法构成的模糊自适应机构对主控制器参数进行实时调整，以达到快速适应对象参数和状态变化的目的。利用模块化建模工具Matlab／Simulink建立PMSM控制系统模型。仿真结果表明了所设计控制器运行平稳，具有良好的动、静态特性。     

基于单片机的高精度快速积分型AD转换器

针对现有积分型AD转换器存在转换速率较低的问题,提出了一种基于单片机的高精度快速积分型AD转换器的设计方案,详细介绍了AD转换的实现过程。该转换器采用单片机产生各种控制信号,保证了测量过程的精确同步,提高了AD测量结果的稳定性,最快转换速度可达500次/s。实际应用表明,该转换器转换速度快,测量精度高,达到了预期效果。     

An MRAS method for sensorless control of induction motor over a wide speed range

This paper addresses the problem of wide speed range sensorless control of induction motor.The proposed method is based on model reference adaptive system (MRAS),in which the current model serves as the adjustable model,and a novel hybrid model integrating the modified voltage model (MVM) and high-frequency signal injection method (HFSIM) are established to serve as the reference model.The HFSIM works together with MVM to improve the performance of the rotor speed and rotor flux position estimation at low speed,whereas at high speed,the MVM acts alone.In addition,a rotor resistance online estimation scheme is proposed to update the rotor resistance contained in the adjustable model and to ensure the estimation accuracy further.Experimental results show that the proposed MRAS method is very effective from low to high speed range,including zero speed.     

视频质量客观评估方法分析

文章简单介绍了视频监控系统的应用,指出了视频质量主观评估的缺点,并按不同的分类分析了常用的视频质量客观评估方法,在此基础上探索了一种视频质量无参评客观估方法的思路。     

Fractional Fourier transform based transmitted reference scheme for UWB communications

In this paper,we propose a receiving system for impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) communications,in which the data and reference pulses are combined as one signal to transmit,and the received signal can be divided into the data and reference pulses in the receiver end using the energy concentration property of Chirp pulses in fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) domain.A detailed theoretical analysis of the proposed system is given,and the formulation of bit error rate (BER) is obtained.Then according to...     

全固态裸露式Ag／AgCl参比电极的研制及应用

该文报道了一种树脂接界全固态裸露式Ag／Agcl参比电极,勿需电镀氯化,制备工艺简单,性能稳定,是对电解型Ag／AgCl参比电极的一大改进。可代替饱和甘汞电极作为通用型参比电极,同时可减少汞对环境所造成的二次污染,在温度大于75℃时仍能保持良好性能,突破了甘汞电极的局限。