Effect of single and double strap backpacks on lung function

Carrying heavy and moderate military loads in backpacks or as body armour compresses the chest, causing a change in lung function that is typical of a restrictive ventilatory impairment. It is not known if a lighter backpack load of only 6?kg, such as is typical of loads carried by students, will have a similar effect on lung function. There have been no studies examining whether backpacks of different strapping styles have an effect on lung function. Several designs of student backpack have recently been introduced to the market. One of the most popular is a single-strap backpack. This study examined Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV₁), FEV₁.FVC^???1% and Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) in 13 participants (4 males, 9 females) wearing each of two 6?kg backpacks, one with two shoulder straps (a Double Strap Backpack (DSB)) and the other with a single strap (a Single Strap Backpack (SSB)) worn across the shoulder and chest. In comparison with the control of no pack (N), SSB significantly reduced FVC (by 3.94%, p?=?0.006) but there were no significant differences in FEV₁, FEV₁. FVC^???1% and PEF. The DSB also significantly reduced FVC (by 1.97%, p?=?0.034) but no significant differences were found in FEV₁, FEV₁. FVC^???1% and PEF measures. In comparison with DSB, the SSB was associated with a significantly lower FVC (by 2.05%, p?=?0.049) and FEV₁ (by 1.88%, p?=?0.029) but there were no significant changes in FEV₁. FVC^???1% and PEF. It is concluded that a backpack load of 6?kg could produce a mild restrictive type of ventilatory impairment in lung function. This effect was greater for a single cross-chest strap than for a more conventional double strap harness.     

Antoni Gaudí and Frei Otto: Essential Precursors to the Parametricism Manifesto

As Senior Architect to the Basilica of the Sagrada Família in Barcelona, Mark Burry has been ‘thinking parametrically’ for almost his entire career. Here he describes how his longstanding role overseeing the completion of Antoni Gaudí's masterpiece has afforded unique insights into the work of a great geometer and parametric thinker. Burry places the contribution of Gaudí alongside that of Frei Otto – the other eminent 20th-century Proto-Parametricist.     

基于红外热成像技术的车厢内部火灾预警研究

红外热成像技术是目前最为实用的火灾预警检测手段之一,可以有效提高列车车厢的运行安全。基于红外热像仪的原理及优点,结合动车组车厢较为狭长的特点,探讨红外探测器的镜头选择;提出了融合绝对温度和基于高度变化的火焰判定概率模型,提高了火焰检测的精度。在动车车组车厢环境中的测试验证了方法的有效性和稳定性,降低虚警。     

Miesian Grids and the Domain of Ink

What happens when you subvert the standardised repetition of the Modernist grid? In Building the Picture, a series of drawings that architect Elena Manferdini produced for an exhibition at the Art Institute of Chicago that ran during the spring and summer of 2015, visual effects and colour were applied to counteract Mies's highly uniform and modular mass-producible systems.     

In the Pursuit of Pleasure: The Not so Fleeting Life of the Pavilion and its Ilk

Author and architecture critic for the London Evening Standard, Robert Bevan reflects on the enduring appeal of the temporary structure, speaking ‘to a latent desire for freedom and movement’ as a hangover of our nomadic past in a sedentary ‘civilised’ society. He highlights the type's historical apex in Henry VIII's palatial pop-up on the Field of the Cloth of Gold, questioning the purpose and purposelessness of more recent examples.     

高精度随动数控凸轮轴磨床砂轮架模态分析

利用SolidWorks软件建立了JKM8330高精度随动数控凸轮轴磨床砂轮架的三维模型,导入ABAQUS有限元分析软件,采用弹簧阻尼单元模拟轴承弹性支承的方法,建立了砂轮架的动力学分析有限元模型。通过分析计算,获得了砂轮架的前9阶振型和模态频率,并深入研究了不同轴承弹性支承刚度对砂轮架模态频率的影响规律。结果表明:可以通过调整轴承弹性支承刚度较好地控制砂轮架的模态频率,进而可以减小砂轮架的振动,从而保证机床磨削加工精度及可靠性。研究结果为高精度随动数控凸轮轴磨床的结构优化设计提供了参考。     

卡脖深层水包及小车的改进

介绍了两种传统的深层卡脖水包及小车,指出了这两种水包及小车的不足,针对这些不足对其进行了改进,改进后的水包及小车有利于水包的更换,同时还说明了更换水包时的操作流程及注意事项。     

CK7815数控车床刀架系统的技术改造

本文根据CK7815数控车床的刀架系统的故障情况,从分析控制原理入手,利用原机床不用的尾架液压系统对刀架进行改造,有效地提高了刀架定位可靠度和精度,提高了工作效率。