Effect of diffusible hydrogen content on embrittlement of P92 steel

In the present investigation, varying electrode conditions (dried and contaminated) have been employed during welding of P92 steel to study the effect of diffusible hydrogen level on hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC). Shielded metal arc welding process was employed to deposit the metal on a P92 steel plate. To evaluate HAC, the Granjon implant test with varying diffusible hydrogen content in the deposited metal was utilized. The diffusible hydrogen level was measured in the deposited metal by using the mercury method. Lower critical stress (LCS), embrittlement index (EI) and normalized critical stress ratio were evaluated from the Granjon implant test. The fracture surface morphology of fractured implant specimens has been studied by using a field emission secondary electron microscope. The P92 steel plate welded by the contaminated electrode with a high level of diffusible hydrogen was found to be more susceptible to HAC. As diffusible hydrogen content increased in the deposited metal, the LCS value and EI were observed to be decreased.     

Finite element simulation of welding residual stresses in martensitic steel pipes

Abstract

Finite element (FE) simulations of the welding of two high grade steel pipes are described. The first is a P91 steel pipe welded with a similar P91 weld consumable, and the second is a P92 steel pipe welded with dissimilar nickel–chromium based weld consumables. Both welds are multipass circumferential butt welds, having 73 weld beads in the P91 pipe and 36 beads in the P92 pipe. Since the pipes and welds are symmetric around their axes, the FE simulations are axisymmetric, allowing high FE mesh refinement and residual stress prediction accuracy. The FE simulations of the welding of the P91 and P92 pipes comprise thermal and sequentially coupled structural analyses. The thermal analyses model the heat evolution produced by the welding arc, determining the temperature history throughout the FE models. Structural analyses use the computed temperature history as input data to predict the residual stress fields throughout the models. Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) of both pipes has also been numerically simulated by assuming that the FE models obey the Norton creep law during the hold time period at 760°C. The residual stresses presented here have all been validated by corresponding experimental measurements. Before PWHT, it has been found that, at certain locations in the weld region and heat affected zone (HAZ) in the pipes, tensile hoop and axial residual stresses approach the tensile strength of the material, presenting a high risk of failure. It has also been found that PWHT substantially reduces the magnitude of residual stresses by varying degrees depending on the material.     

文创产品包装设计的多样性表达

目的 以当前的文创产品市场趋势和现实状况为背景,探讨文创产品包装设计的多样化表达。方法 以分析阐释和案例分析为基本方法,从文创产品对包装的设计需求出发,分析当前文创产品包装的现实状况;然后结合文化、趣味、环保、人本等特点进行设计方向的探索,归纳文创产品的设计方向;最后结合相关的设计案例就具体的感官、情感和跨界等方向的设计实践进行阐述,进一步研究文创产品包装设计的多元路径。结论 以多样化的设计视角对当前及未来的文创产品包装设计进行研究,依托文创产品的现代性表达与设计方向,探索不同层面的设计思路与实践,能够有效拓宽文创产品包装创意领域,为当前的文创产品包装创新提供动力,值得在未来进行更加深入而有效的探索和尝试。     

Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Context of NK Cell–Trophoblast Interactions

During pregnancy, uterine NK cells interact with trophoblast cells. In addition to contact interactions, uterine NK cells are influenced by cytokines, which are secreted by the cells of the decidua microenvironment. Cytokines can affect the phenotypic characteristics of NK cells and change their functional activity. An imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory signals can lead to the development of reproductive pathology. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of cytokines on NK cells in the presence of trophoblast cells in an in vitro model. We used TNFα, IFNγ, TGFβ and IL-10; the NK-92 cell line; and peripheral blood NK cells (pNKs) from healthy, non-pregnant women. For trophoblast cells, the JEG-3 cell line was used. In the monoculture of NK-92 cells, TNFα caused a decrease in CD56 expression. In the coculture of NK cells with JEG-3 cells, TNFα increased the expression of NKG2C and NKG2A by NK-92 cells. Under the influence of TGFβ, the expression of CD56 increased and the expression of NKp30 decreased in the monoculture. After the preliminary cultivation of NK-92 cells in the presence of TGFβ, their cytotoxicity increased. In the case of adding TGFβ to the PBMC culture, as well as coculturing PBMCs and JEG-3 cells, the expression of CD56 and NKp44 by pNK cells was reduced. The differences in the effects of TGFβ in the model using NK-92 cells and pNK cells may be associated with the possible influence of monocytes or other lymphoid cells from the mononuclear fraction.     

以M-92分子筛为催化剂生产异丙苯的研究

利用M-92分子筛为催化剂以丙烯和苯为原料进行液相烷基化技术生产异丙苯,烷基化最佳条件:反应温度为125～145℃;反应压力2.4～2.6MPa;n(苯)∶n(丙烯)=(2～4)∶1;丙烯空速为0.5～1.0h-1。该技术与传统AlCl3相比具有工艺简单、丙烯基本可完全转化、异丙苯选择性高、原材料消耗低、节能、及环境友好等优点,具有一定经济效益。     

Cathepsin X Activity Does Not Affect NK-Target Cell Synapse but Is Rather Distributed to Cytotoxic Granules

Cathepsin X is a lysosomal peptidase that is involved in tumour progression and represents a potential target for therapeutic interventions. In addition, it regulates important functions of immune cells and is implicated in the modulation of tumour cell–immune cell crosstalk. Selective cathepsin X inhibitors have been proposed as prospective antitumour agents to prevent cancer progression; however, their impact on the antitumour immune response has been overlooked. Previous studies indicate that the migration and adhesion of T cells and dendritic cells are affected by diminished cathepsin X activity. Meanwhile, the influence of cathepsin X inhibition on natural killer (NK) cell function has not yet been explored. Here, we examined the localization patterns of cathepsin X and the role of its inhibitors on the cytotoxicity of cell line NK-92, which is used for adoptive cellular immunotherapy in cancer patients. NK-92 cells depend on lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) to form stable immunoconjugates with target cells, providing, in this way, optimal cytotoxicity. Since LFA-1 is a substrate for cathepsin X activity in other types of cells, we hypothesized that cathepsin X could disturb the formation of NK-92 immunoconjugates. Thus, we employed cathepsin X reversible and irreversible inhibitors and evaluated their effects on the NK-92 cell interactions with target cells and on the NK-92 cell cytotoxicity. We show that cathepsin X inhibition does not impair stable conjugate formation or the lytic activity of NK-92 cells. Similarly, the conjugate formation between Jurkat T cells and target cells was not affected by cathepsin X activity. Unlike in previous migration and adhesion studies on T cells, in NK-92 cells cathepsin X was not co-localized with LFA-1 at the plasma membrane but was, rather, redistributed to the cytotoxic granules and secreted during degranulation.     

电站锅炉用马氏体耐热钢P92钢的焊接

近年来随着机组容量的提高, 对耐热钢提出了更高的要求。P92 钢是一种新型铁素体耐热钢, 在国外已经被用于超临界及超超临界电站。P92 钢焊接最难解决的问题之一是厚壁管道的焊接技术。文章在大量理论研究的基础上, 依据标准DL/T868- 2004 对焊接接头的各项力学性能包括拉伸、冲击、弯曲和硬度、金相等方面进行了焊接工艺可靠性验证。     

P92、P122钢现场焊接及热处理工艺的实施

华能玉环电厂1 号机组是国内首台超超临界机组, 首次在主蒸汽管道采用SA335P92、SA335P122材质。在1 号机组P92、P122 钢的现场焊接施工中, 采用了GTAW+SMAW工艺, 内充氩保护, 焊前预热, 进行2层氩弧焊打底, 2 层氩弧焊厚度为5～6mm, 预热方法采用电加热方式, 采用较小的焊接热输入量进行施焊。焊接结束后, 立即降温进行马氏体转变。玉环电厂1 号机主蒸汽( P122、P92) 及再热热段( P91) 经过焊缝硬度及微观金相检验符合业主的要求。     

P92钢焊接接头持久强度及微观组织分析

通过对SA335P92钢焊接接头进行600℃×104h高温持久性能试验,外推焊接接头600℃下105h的持久强度值为116 MPa.借助金相分析仪、透射电镜和能谱仪分析了P92钢焊接接头高温持久试验前后的组织结构.结果表明,原始P92钢焊接接头的金相组织为回火马氏体,主要的沉淀相有M23C6碳化物,晶内存在高密度的位错...     

磁粉检测技术在SA335P92钢焊缝检测中的应用

临界锅炉主蒸汽、热段等管件主要部件选用SA335P92材料。SA335P92为马氏体钢,在焊接过程中既有冷裂倾向,又有热裂倾向。特别是在焊接接头的收弧部位,弧坑裂纹等危险性缺陷极易产生。就SA335P92钢焊缝表面和近表面收弧部位的磁粉探伤技术应用情况进行了探讨,提出了避免收弧部位产生裂纹的控制措施。