P91/P92钢管道焊接接头的无损检验

我国的超临界或超超临界机组大量使用了P91/P92 等马氏体钢,给焊接、热处理、无损检测等提出了一系列的新课题。介绍了P91/P92 钢的理化性能及焊接工艺特点;对在实际工程出现的P91/P92 钢常见缺陷进行了统计和分析,给出了气孔、夹渣、未熔合、裂纹等缺陷的示意图;重点阐述了P91/P92钢焊接接头进行无损检测的特殊性,提出了提高无损检验检出率以及对该类钢缺陷性质进行正确判定的方法,以减少漏检和误判。     

超超临界机组T92/P92钢焊接

介绍了T92/P92钢在广东大唐潮州三百门电厂3号、4号机组(2×1 000MW)的应用情况,此类钢的焊接特性是:具有焊接冷裂纹倾向;焊接接头的韧度难以控制;焊后热处理温度的控制精度范围小;热影响区软化并会产生IV型裂纹。根据上述特性,制定了T92/P92钢在焊前、焊接过程、焊后热处理及检验各个环节的工艺及控制要点,以保证机组的焊接安装质量。2台机组经水压试验和168h试运行,均未发生焊口泄漏事故,运行情况良好。     

电站锅炉用马氏体耐热钢P92钢的焊接

近年来随着机组容量的提高, 对耐热钢提出了更高的要求。P92 钢是一种新型铁素体耐热钢, 在国外已经被用于超临界及超超临界电站。P92 钢焊接最难解决的问题之一是厚壁管道的焊接技术。文章在大量理论研究的基础上, 依据标准DL/T868- 2004 对焊接接头的各项力学性能包括拉伸、冲击、弯曲和硬度、金相等方面进行了焊接工艺可靠性验证。     

P92、P122钢现场焊接及热处理工艺的实施

华能玉环电厂1 号机组是国内首台超超临界机组, 首次在主蒸汽管道采用SA335P92、SA335P122材质。在1 号机组P92、P122 钢的现场焊接施工中, 采用了GTAW+SMAW工艺, 内充氩保护, 焊前预热, 进行2层氩弧焊打底, 2 层氩弧焊厚度为5～6mm, 预热方法采用电加热方式, 采用较小的焊接热输入量进行施焊。焊接结束后, 立即降温进行马氏体转变。玉环电厂1 号机主蒸汽( P122、P92) 及再热热段( P91) 经过焊缝硬度及微观金相检验符合业主的要求。     

P92新型耐热钢焊接接头的力学性能研究及其工程应用

针对超超临界(USC)机组主蒸汽管道用大径厚壁新型铁素体P92钢管,主要分析了P92钢焊接接头的力学性能,介绍了其焊接接头性能试验结果及其在邹县电厂的应用情况,为P92钢的焊接工艺评定及其工程焊接工艺规程的制订奠定了技术基础。     

Finite element simulation of welding residual stresses in martensitic steel pipes

Abstract

Finite element (FE) simulations of the welding of two high grade steel pipes are described. The first is a P91 steel pipe welded with a similar P91 weld consumable, and the second is a P92 steel pipe welded with dissimilar nickel–chromium based weld consumables. Both welds are multipass circumferential butt welds, having 73 weld beads in the P91 pipe and 36 beads in the P92 pipe. Since the pipes and welds are symmetric around their axes, the FE simulations are axisymmetric, allowing high FE mesh refinement and residual stress prediction accuracy. The FE simulations of the welding of the P91 and P92 pipes comprise thermal and sequentially coupled structural analyses. The thermal analyses model the heat evolution produced by the welding arc, determining the temperature history throughout the FE models. Structural analyses use the computed temperature history as input data to predict the residual stress fields throughout the models. Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) of both pipes has also been numerically simulated by assuming that the FE models obey the Norton creep law during the hold time period at 760°C. The residual stresses presented here have all been validated by corresponding experimental measurements. Before PWHT, it has been found that, at certain locations in the weld region and heat affected zone (HAZ) in the pipes, tensile hoop and axial residual stresses approach the tensile strength of the material, presenting a high risk of failure. It has also been found that PWHT substantially reduces the magnitude of residual stresses by varying degrees depending on the material.     

Effect of diffusible hydrogen content on embrittlement of P92 steel

In the present investigation, varying electrode conditions (dried and contaminated) have been employed during welding of P92 steel to study the effect of diffusible hydrogen level on hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC). Shielded metal arc welding process was employed to deposit the metal on a P92 steel plate. To evaluate HAC, the Granjon implant test with varying diffusible hydrogen content in the deposited metal was utilized. The diffusible hydrogen level was measured in the deposited metal by using the mercury method. Lower critical stress (LCS), embrittlement index (EI) and normalized critical stress ratio were evaluated from the Granjon implant test. The fracture surface morphology of fractured implant specimens has been studied by using a field emission secondary electron microscope. The P92 steel plate welded by the contaminated electrode with a high level of diffusible hydrogen was found to be more susceptible to HAC. As diffusible hydrogen content increased in the deposited metal, the LCS value and EI were observed to be decreased.     

Integrity of Co-Cr-C coated P92 steel for power plant pipework applications

The main limiting factor for P92 steel, in power plant at high temperature, is the increased oxidation damage on the inside surface which causes enhanced damage of components. Industry have attempted to address this problem by applying oxidation resistant coatings to the inside surface of the P92 pipework to prevent damage. Aluminide diffusion coatings have been a particular focus for research to date, however they have been found to have a number of detrimental effects on the creep properties and coating-substrate integrity. This paper introduces a Co-Cr-C type coating, composed of Cr₃C₂ particles electro-deposited within a cobalt matrix. On exposure to high temperature oxidation conditions the coating is shown to form a cobalt and chromium rich oxide which is slow growing, adherent and ideal for oxidation resistance. When applied to P92 substrate and exposed at service relevant temperatures the coated system retains its integrity and appears suitable for long term service. The coated P92 system is also shown to retain its integrity during high temperature creep testing and coating application does not have a negative effect on the mechanical properties of P92. Overall the Co-Cr-C coating has a number of superior properties compared to previously investigated coatings.     

纺织品抗菌性能测试

简要介绍了织物进行抗菌整理的意义和测定抑菌率的方法,重点介绍了用国家纺织行业抗菌FZ/T01021—92测定织物抑菌率时应注意的问题,并列举了应用实例。     

以M-92分子筛为催化剂生产异丙苯的研究

利用M-92分子筛为催化剂以丙烯和苯为原料进行液相烷基化技术生产异丙苯,烷基化最佳条件:反应温度为125～145℃;反应压力2.4～2.6MPa;n(苯)∶n(丙烯)=(2～4)∶1;丙烯空速为0.5～1.0h-1。该技术与传统AlCl3相比具有工艺简单、丙烯基本可完全转化、异丙苯选择性高、原材料消耗低、节能、及环境友好等优点,具有一定经济效益。