不同拘束条件下P92钢高温蠕变裂纹扩展速率的有限元模拟

基于蠕变损伤力学,仿真了蠕变裂纹扩展过程。用ABAQUS软件模拟研究了试样几何形状和宽度不同的两种面内拘束条件对P92钢在650℃时蠕变裂纹扩展(CCG)速率的影响,并进行了试验验证。仿真结果表明:试样几何形状和宽度对CCG速率的影响与载荷水平(C*)有关;在低载荷水平区内,C(T)试样的拘束水平大于SEN(T)试样,并且对应的CCG速率较大;在中载荷水平区,随着试样宽度的增大,裂纹尖端拘束和CCG速率增大;在高载荷水平区,CCG速率基本不受面内拘束(试样几何形状、宽度)条件的影响;在条件相同的情况下,试样宽度拘束水平大于试样几何形状。试验结果表明,试验与有限元分析(FEA)的蠕变裂纹扩展结果相符合。     

Vertraulichkeit; Geschäftsgeheimnisse im Vergabeverfahren; Zugang zu Informationen

Die Nachprüfungsinstanz muss die Vertraulichkeit und das Recht auf Wahrung der Gesch?ftsgeheimnisse gew?hrleisten, wobei sie Kenntnis von solchen Angaben haben und diese berücksichtigen darf.     

Creep deformation and failure of E911/E911 and P92/P92 similar weld-joints

This paper deals with characterisation of microstructure and creep behaviour of similar weld-joints of advanced 9% Cr ferritic steels, namely E911 and P92. The microstructures of the investigated weld-joints exhibit significant variability in different weld-joint regions such as weld metal (WM), heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base metal (BM). The cross-weld creep tests were carried out at 625 °C with initial applied stresses of 100 and 120 MPa. Both weld-joints ruptured by the “type IV cracking failure mode” in their fine-grained heat-affected zones (FG-HAZ). The creep fracture location with the smallest precipitation density corresponds well with its smallest measured cross-weld hardness. The welds of P92 steel exhibit better creep resistance than those of E911 steel. Whereas the microstructure of P92 weld after creep still contains laths, the microstructure of E911 weld is clearly recrystallized. The creep stress exponents are 14.5 and 8 for E911 and P92 weld-joints, respectively. These n-values indicate the “power-law creep” with dislocation-controlled deformation mechanism for both investigated weld-joints.     

Numerical simulation of multi-species biofilms in porous media for different kinetics

There are bacteria that can form strong biofilms in porous media. These biofilms can be used as biobarriers to restrict the flow of pollutants. For certain contaminants, a second species of bacteria that can actually react with the contaminants can be added to the biobarrier to actually degrade the pollutants. We propose some mathematical models for the formation of these reacting biobarriers under different hypotheses, and numerically solve the resulting equations for the flow, transport and reactions. Qualitative comparisons with some experimental results are also given.     

Effects of Alloy Elements on Oxidation Resistance and Stress-Rupture Property of P92 Steel

Effects of alloy elements Cr, W, Ce, and Si on oxidation behavior at 750 °C in air and stress-rupture properties of P92 steel have been investigated. The proper increase in elements Cr, W, and Ce improved to varying degrees both oxidation resistance by either facilitating more protective Cr2O3 or modifying surface morphologies and stress-rupture life largely attributed to the formation of fine Laves phase. The excessive addition of Si significantly improved oxidation resistance of P92 steel, but dramatically impaired the stress-rupture life due to the formation and coarsening of Laves phase. The results indicate that proper additions of Cr, W, and Ce are beneficial for the comprehensive property of P92 steel.     

Influence of martensitic transformation on welding residual stress in plates and pipes

Martensitic filler metals with low transformation temperatures can efficiently mitigate harmful tensile welding residual stress. It is vital to clarify the difference in the influence of martensitic transformation for different shapes of welded joints. This article outlines the influence of martensitic transformation in a butt-welded plate and a butt-welded pipe which were designed to have the same dimensions of the cross-section perpendicular to weld line. A clear difference in the influence of martensitic transformation was found in these two joints. Longitudinal tensile stress in weld zone is efficiently reduced in both joints, whereas longitudinal tensile stress is formed in base metal near the weld zone in the pipe. A notably greater influence on transverse stress is found in the pipe than in the plate.     

含缺陷在役P92蒸汽管道与时间相关的失效评定曲线及缺陷评定

基于服役30 000 h P92焊接接头610 ℃下高温短时力学性能试验和蠕变试验,获得了材料的稳态蠕变速率公式,并得到了相应的等时应力应变曲线。在此基础上建立了P92焊接接头时间相关失效评定图（TDFAD）。基于TDFAD分析讨论了不同应力水平下P92蒸汽管道环向外表面裂纹临界尺寸。研究发现：在较大裂纹尺寸与较低应力水平下,裂纹临界尺寸受时间影响显著;而在较大应力水平下,通用失效评定曲线（R6 option 1）与时间相关失效评定曲线（TDFAC）所确定的临界尺寸无明显差别。对长期服役于高温工况下的蒸汽管道使用TDFAC进行缺陷评定才能获得更安全的评定结果。     

Integrity of Co-Cr-C coated P92 steel for power plant pipework applications

The main limiting factor for P92 steel, in power plant at high temperature, is the increased oxidation damage on the inside surface which causes enhanced damage of components. Industry have attempted to address this problem by applying oxidation resistant coatings to the inside surface of the P92 pipework to prevent damage. Aluminide diffusion coatings have been a particular focus for research to date, however they have been found to have a number of detrimental effects on the creep properties and coating-substrate integrity. This paper introduces a Co-Cr-C type coating, composed of Cr₃C₂ particles electro-deposited within a cobalt matrix. On exposure to high temperature oxidation conditions the coating is shown to form a cobalt and chromium rich oxide which is slow growing, adherent and ideal for oxidation resistance. When applied to P92 substrate and exposed at service relevant temperatures the coated system retains its integrity and appears suitable for long term service. The coated P92 system is also shown to retain its integrity during high temperature creep testing and coating application does not have a negative effect on the mechanical properties of P92. Overall the Co-Cr-C coating has a number of superior properties compared to previously investigated coatings.     

Relentless Patterns: The Immersive Interior

What happens when patterns become all pervasive? When pattern contagiously corrupts and saturates adjacent objects, artefacts and surfaces; blurring internal and external environment and dissolving any single point of perspective or static conception of space. Mark Taylor ruminates on the possibilities of relentless patterning in interior space in both a historic and a contemporary context. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

P92耐热钢物理化学相分析

采用物理化学相分析方法研究了P92耐热钢的回火及时效后碳化物和金属间化合物的析出行为,并通过实验确定了P92钢中析出相的萃取和分离方法、钢中析出相的类型、含量及组成结构式等。研究结果表明,回火态试样中含有M₂₃C₆与M(CN)两种析出相,时效100 h后,X-ray分析结果出现Laves相。随着时效时间的增加,Laves相也明显增加,且W、Mo含量高的试样在时效后Laves相析出量增加较多, M₂₃C₆的析出量增加较少, M(CN)析出相含量变化不大。P92钢在短时间内析出的 Laves相有显著的强化效果,在1 000 h内增加Laves相析出量能有效提高P92钢室温及600 ℃下强度。