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11.
E. W. Lemmon 《International Journal of Thermophysics》2003,24(4):991-1006
Pseudo-pure fluid equations of state explicit in Helmholtz energy have been developed to permit rapid calculation of the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant blends R-410A, R-404A, R-507A, and R-407C. The equations were fitted to values calculated from a mixture model developed in previous work for mixtures of R-32, R-125, R-134a, and R-143a. The equations may be used to calculate the single-phase thermodynamic properties of the blends; dew and bubble point properties are calculated with the aid of additional ancillary equations for the saturation pressures. Differences between calculations from the pseudo-pure fluid equations and the full mixture model are on average 0.01%, with all calculations less than 0.1% in density except in the critical region. For the heat capacity and speed of sound, differences are on average 0.1% with maximum differences of 0.5%. Generally, these differences are consistent with the accuracy of available experimental data for the mixtures, and comparisons are given to selected experimental values to verify accuracy estimates. The equations are valid from 200 to 450 K and can be extrapolated to higher temperatures. Computations from the new equations are up to 100 times faster for phase equilibria at a given temperature and 5 times faster for single-phase state points given input conditions of temperature and pressure. 相似文献
12.
《Materials Science & Technology》2013,29(11):1320-1331
AbstractMicrostructural phase transformations, commonly known as white layer formation in hard turned steel components, have in recent times become an interesting research topic in machining as they are related to the surface integrity and functional performance of components. Three main theories have been proposed to justify the mechanisms of white layer formation: (1) rapid heating and quenching; (2) severe plastic deformation; and (3) surface reaction with the environment. Coolant application also affects the surface microstructural alterations resulting from machining operations, which have a significant influence on product performance and life. The present work aims at understanding the effects of cryogenic coolant application on the machined surface alterations during machining of hardened AISI 52100 bearing steel. Experiments were performed under dry and cryogenic cooling conditions using cubic boron nitride tool inserts with varying initial work material hardness, tool shape, cutting speed and feedrate. Optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEM) were used to analyse the affected layer in the machined subsurface, while X-ray diffraction technique was utilised to investigate the microstructural phase composition. The experimental results prove that the microstructural phase changes are heavily influenced by the cutting process parameters and the use of cryogenic cooling, in some cases leading to the total removal of martensite. 相似文献
13.
XU WeiWei ZHENG TianYu & ZHAO Liang Seismological Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution 《中国科学:技术科学(英文版)》2011,(6)
The topographies of the 410-km and 660-km discontinuities have important implications for mantle dynamics.Here we present high-resolution seismic imaging of the 410-km and 660-km discontinuities beneath the North China Craton (NCC) employing the receiver function method.Depth anomalies (deeper or shallower than the global average depths) at both discontinuities were detected by introducing a three-dimensional regional velocity model.The depressions of the 410-km discontinuity are mostly located in the easte... 相似文献
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Pankul Goel Noor Zaman Khan Zahid A. Khan Abdulrahman Ahmari Namrata Gangil Mustufa Haider Abidi 《Materials and Manufacturing Processes》2019,34(2):192-200
AA7xxx and AISI304 stainless steel (SS) are employed in promising applications. Al alloy-to-SS dissimilar joining is difficult and challenging. Major challenge in the joining of these alloys is the difficulty in mixing of these materials which possess exotic and widely distant properties. AA7475-T761 is a high strength aluminum alloy which is used in key aircraft components. Maiden AA7475-T761 and AISI304 dissimilar joints were fabricated using friction stir welding. Welding was performed with tool having pin diameter of 4 mm and offset of 1.25 mm on Aluminum side. Tool rotational speed, traverse speed and shoulder diameter were varied in the range of 450–560 rpm, 50–63 mm/min, and 12–14 mm, respectively. Mechanical tests showed that joint formed with 14 mm diameter, 560 rpm and 50 mm/min gave the best joint efficiency of 71% of Al-alloy at 7.31% elongation. The materials mixing issues during processing were analyzed with SEM mircrostructure and fractography. Metallography also revealed that offset is critical to the success of joint as it controlled effective mixing of SS and Al in 15 and 85 vol.%, respectively. SS fragments from thermo-mechanically affected zone of SS were found to be partially sheared forming layer of thickness equal to tool traverse/revolution ratio. 相似文献
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Niobium carbide coating was produced by thermal-reactive diffusion technique on AISI 52100 steel in salt bath at 1 123 K, 1 173 K, and 1 223 K for 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours. The salt consisted of borax, sodium fl uoride, boron carbide, and niobium pentoxide. The presence of NbC phase on the steel surface was confi rmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Microscopic observation showed that niobium carbide coating formed on the substrate was smooth and compact. There was a distinct and fl at interface between the coating and substrate. The micro-hardness of niobium carbide coating was 2892±145HV. The thickness of coating ranged from 1.6 μm to 14μm. The forming kinetics of niobium carbide coating was revealed. Moreover, a contour diagram derived from experimental data was graphed for correct selection of process parameters. Some mathematical equations were built for predicting the coating thickness with predetermined processing temperature and time. The results showed that these mathematical equations are very practical as well as the kinetics equation. 相似文献
18.
《Ceramics International》2022,48(4):5091-5099
The impact of the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles and nanowires on the morphology, phase characteristics, contact angle, and electrochemical performance of chemically bonded phosphate ceramic coatings (CBPCs) was investigated. The chemical composition and surface morphology of the TiO2 nanoparticle and nanowire modified with and without (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetradecyl) trimethoxysilane were characterized. Results indicated that the hydrophobic –CF2– and –CF3 groups were successfully introduced into the TiO2 nanoparticles and nanowires after modification. Corrosion resistance of CBPCs with TiO2 was evidently improved compared with that without TiO2. Such improvement was mainly due to the combined effects of low surface energy materials and micro/nano structures. In addition, CBPCs with TiO2 nanowires exhibited higher hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance than those with TiO2 nanoparticles because of the special columnar structure of the nanowires. 相似文献
19.
AISI 201奥氏体不锈钢低温离子渗碳 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用低温等离子体辉光放电技术对AISI 201奥氏体不锈钢进行低温离子渗碳(DCPC)处理,处理后的不锈钢表面可以形成一层无碳化铬析出的碳的过饱和固溶体(SC相)。由于渗入钢中的过饱和碳原子引起奥氏体晶格发生畸变,结果使渗层的硬度和耐蚀性都有较大幅度的提高。 相似文献
20.
R410A-油混合物在7 mm强化管内流动沸腾的换热特性 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
实验研究了环保替代制冷工质R410A-润滑油混合物在强化管内的流动沸腾换热特性,探索了质流密度、干度和平均油浓度对换热特性的影响。实验测试管为内螺纹强化管,长度为2000 mm、外径为7.0 mm。实验结果表明,纯制冷剂R410A的传热系数随干度的增大先增大后减小,峰值出现在干度为0.7~0.8左右;对于R410A-油混合物,在干度小于0.5的工况下,油的存在增强换热,在干度大于0.6的高干度情况下,传热系数随平均油浓度和干度的增大迅速降低。基于混合物性开发了R410A-油混合物在7 mm强化管内流动沸腾的换热关联式,新的关联式预测值与89%的实验数据的误差在±30%以内,平均误差为17.3%。 相似文献