Significance of char active surface area for appraising the reactivity of low- and high-temperature chars

Contemporary char reactivity studies have focussed primarily on coal chars prepared under severe (high-temperature) conditions. In this study, the reactivity of chars prepared under mild (low-temperature) conditions has been addressed. A thermogravimetric analysis system (TGA) was used to determine the reactivity of chars in oxidizing atmosphere using isothermal or non-isothermal techniques. Coal chars were prepared in a TGA or in a slow heating rate organic devolatilization reactor (SHRODR) at a temperature range between 500 ° and 950 °C. The chars prepared by mild pyrolysis of coal at 500 °C are shown to be highly reactive. Comparison of reactivities of low- and high-temperature chars shows that the low-temperature chars exhibit higher reactivity than either the parent coals or the high-temperature chars. Correlation between isothermal reactivity results (e.g. time) and non-isothermal reactivity data (e.g. temperature) has been obtained. Hydrogen contents of chars correlate well with the reactivity of the chars. The study confirms the importance of oxygen chemisorption capacity as a significant reactivity parameter for both low- and high-temperature chars. A new approach has been used for calculating the oxygen chemisorption capacity of chars by accounting for the carbon surface sites occupied by hydrogen (and, therefore, these sites were unavailable for oxygen chemisorption). The occupied sites are readily freed during reactivity measurements and thus were available for participation in carbon-oxygen reactions.     

汽车ABS/ASR/ACC集成化系统

叙述了ACC系统和ABS/ASR系统在改善汽车高速行驶主动安全性方面的功用 ,阐述了ACC系统是ABS/ASR系统功能的延伸、逻辑的发展及它们之间的内在联系 ,指出了在ABS/ASR的基础上只需增加测距装置和添加巡航控制子程序 ,就可方便地实现ABS/ASR/ACC集成化系统 ,并给出了集成化系统的控制框图和控制方法 ,论述了ABS/ASR/ACC集成化系统比孤立的ABS/ASR和ACC系统的优越性 .     

Enhanced flame retardancy,smoke suppression,and acid resistance of polypropylene/magnesium hydroxide composite by expandable graphite and microencapsulated red phosphorus

Low flame retardant efficiency and poor acid resistance of filled polymer composites are two main drawbacks of magnesium hydroxide (MH) as a flame retardant (FR). To solve these problems, expandable graphite (EG) and microencapsulated red phosphorus (MRP) were introduced into polypropylene/magnesium hydroxide (PP/MH) composite by melt compounding. The obtained PP/MH/EG/MRP quadruple composite was studied regarding its fire behavior as well as acid resistance. Obvious flame retardant synergism among MH, EG, and MRP is found in PP, which diminishes the loading of FR from 63.0 to 37.5 wt% to obtain V-0 rating in UL-94 test and low smoke release. Compact intumescent char with high thermo-oxidative stability was generated on composite surface, which plays a vital role in flame retardancy. The removal of MH by acid erosion on PP/MH/EG/MRP composite surface does not affect production of intumescent char and fire behavior of this composite. The composite displays good fire retardancy, smoke inhibition, and acid resistivity concurrently. This article renders an easy and cheap route to overcome the main faults of MH.     

Application of the concentration-dependent surface diffusion model on the multicomponent fixed-bed adsorption systems

The ability of bone char to adsorb three metal ions, namely, cadmium, copper and zinc, from effluents in fixed beds has been studied. Two binary metal ion sorption systems, Cd+Cu and Cu+Zn, have been investigated. The variables studied include metal ion solution flowrate, initial metal ion concentration, and bone char particle size bed height. The experimental breakthrough curves for each binary system were measured at five bed heights.A multicomponent film-surface diffusion model has been developed to predict the breakthrough curves by incorporating the IAS for both the Langmuir and the Sips equations, since they both correlate the single component equilibrium isotherm data well. A novel development is the modification of the solution methodology, previously restricted to a constant diffusivity, to incorporate a variable diffusivity correlated with adsorbent coverage by the constant self-diffusivity. The self-diffusivities for the metal ions have been evaluated.     

温度和氧含量对NH4Br改性稻壳焦汞氧化吸附特性的影响

采用10 g·L^-1 NH₄Br溶液对原始稻壳焦进行浸渍改性制备了脱汞吸附剂。利用比表面积及孔隙度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜/X射线能谱分析仪对改性前后稻壳焦吸附剂物理化学性质进行表征。在固定床汞吸附实验台上对吸附剂床层出口元素汞(Hg⁰)和二价汞(Hg²⁺)进行同步检测,研究了不同温度下N₂气氛和N₂+6.4 %(体积)O₂气氛中改性稻壳焦的汞氧化吸附特性。50℃下N₂气氛、N₂+6.4%(体积)O₂气氛以及150℃下N₂气氛中固定床出口均未明显检测到Hg²⁺,50℃和150℃时脱汞率均可达90%。温度为150℃时,在N₂+6.4%(体积)O₂气氛中吸附剂的总汞(Hg^T)脱除效率为98.2%,其中82.2%的Hg⁰被吸附脱除,其余则被O₂非均相氧化为Hg²⁺而氧化脱除。通过对程序升温管式炉出口Hg^T进行检测研究了吸附剂表面吸附态汞的脱附特性。汞脱附峰值温度300℃表明吸附态汞可能以Hg-Br化合物的形式赋存于改性稻壳焦表面,220~350℃的脱附温度说明吸附态汞有较高的热稳定性。100.14%~118.62%的汞平衡率验证了实验结果的准确性。     

石墨种类和粒径对高抗冲聚苯乙烯阻燃性能的影响及作用机制

通过熔融共混法将不同种类和粒径的石墨引入到高抗冲聚苯乙烯(PS?HI)基体中,考察了石墨种类和粒径大小对PS?HI阻燃性能的影响和作用机制.结果表明,天然鳞片石墨(NG)对PS?HI的阻燃作用很小,其粒径大小对阻燃性能的影响并不显著,即使用量达到50％(质量分数,下同)也不能使PS?HI有较好的阻燃性能;与NG相比,可...     

HIPS/蒙脱土复合材料炭层结构对阻燃性能的影响

采用熔融插层法制备了不同有机蒙脱土(OMMT)及无机蒙脱土(MMT)含量的HIPS/OMMT和HIPS/MMT复合材料,并通过锥形量热仪评价了复合材料的阻燃性能;采用数码相机、扫描电镜(SEM)观察了燃烧残余物结构。结果表明,OMMT的加入显著提高了HIPS/OMMT复合材料阻燃性,而MMT的加入,HIPS/MMT复合材料的阻燃性能提高不明显。HIPS/OMMT复合材料燃烧结束形成了皮层-蜂窝层复合的炭渣结构,对其阻燃性有重要的影响。     

生物质焦分形维数计算

采用压汞法的实验数据,计算两种分形模型下生物质焦样的分形维数。其中根据Menger海绵模型计算得到的分形维数Dm的值在2．7～3．1之间,基于热力学关系的分形模型计算得到的分形维数Dr的值在2．7～2．9之间。分析认为第二种模型更好的描述了焦样的孔隙结构,Dr的值比Dm的值更为合理。实验结果表明,分形维数与生物质种类有关,树叶焦样的分形维数整体上大于稻壳焦样的分形维数。生物质焦样的平均孔径与分形维数有关。总的来看,同一生物质焦样的分形维数随着平均孔径的增大而减小。     

煤焦二氧化碳气化动力学研究(Ⅱ)非等温热重法

利用热失重仪以恒升温速率（非等温）法研究煤焦-CO2气化反应，并用Ozawa法和单一升温速率法来求解动力学参数。结果表明：Ozawa法和单一升温速率法求解得到的动力学参数差异大；单一升温速率法求得的不同升温速率下表观活化能和指前因子呈线性相关性；表现活化能随升温速率增加呈线性减小。     

煤焦水蒸气气化特性及动力学研究

运用等温热重法，对三种不同的煤焦，在反应温度900℃～1200℃之间进行水蒸气气化实验。分别考察了常压下反应温度、水蒸气分压和煤种对反应的影响；并且对不同煤焦的反应进行动力学计算，求取动力学参数，研究发现，煤焦水蒸气的反应与煤焦—CO2的反应相比速率要快得多，并且随反应温度升高，反应速率急剧增大。