River wildlife databases and their value for sensitive environmental management

A survey over a 3-year period, which commenced in 1987, of the plant and bird communities along 1200 km of river in Lincolnshire and South Humberside, Eastern England, is described. Analysis of data from 247 km of river recorded a great diversity of wildlife, comprising 570 species of plant and 80 species of breeding birds. The management value of such surveys is discussed and these include the preparation of detailed maps of each 500m section of river, which illustrate the habitat structure, and plant and bird communities. A maintenance procedure for each 500 m section of river is then agreed between conservation and operations personnel, preventing areas of wildlife importance from being accidentally destroyed. An index which combines both the diversity and rarity of the plant and bird communities is proposed as a measure of conservation importance. This index allows sections of river to be graded according to their conservation value into one of five groups. The surveys also enable predictions to be made of the effects of management actions on the wildlife and provide information by which fundamental reviews of operational activities can be carried out.     

Evaluation of the nutritional quality of four unexplored aquatic weeds from northeast India for the formulation of cost-effective fish feeds

A study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional potential of four commonly available, unexplored aquatic weeds namely, Salvinia cuculata, Trapa natans, Lemna minor and Ipomoea reptans from northeast India for ascertaining their suitability for utilization as supplementary fish feed with the aim to reduce the cost of commercial feeds. Results of proximate analysis showed that the crude protein content of the aquatic weeds ranged between 11.0% and 32.2% (w/w), whereas crude fibre and ash contents varied between 4.2% and 20% (w/w), and 13.3% and 31.2% (w/w), respectively. Protein to energy ratio (P/E) of these weeds ranged between 30.7 mg/kcal and 95.3 mg/kcal and the highest value was displayed by I. reptans. All these aquatic weeds contained high amounts of vitamins E and C and mineral elements required for the normal growth and development of fish.     

Building and Restoring a Healthy Aquatic Ecosystem

Cities are suffering from more floods than ever, causing huge loss of life and property. The reason is that modern cities often lack resilience to the uncertainty of natural disasters. Aquatic ecosystems on the whole are unhealthy. As global climate change intensifies, aquatic ecosystems are facing more severe challenges. The author explains the necessity to cope with water-related issues holistically, and contends that aquatic ecosystems should be evaluated, protected, and restored based on the understanding of ecosystem services they provide. The water security patterns at macro, medium, and micro levels help improve the resilience of aquatic ecosystems, restore the aquatic and hydrophytic habitats, reconstruct the harmony and symbiosis between water systems and humans, and nourish the health and prosperity of ecological civilization.     

鸡卵清蛋白食物过敏大鼠中药口服治疗的实验研究

目的：建立鸡卵清蛋白（OVA）食物过敏大鼠模型,利用中药复方 Formula-3对食物过敏大鼠进行治疗,探讨其治疗效果及其机制。方法将24只 BN 大鼠按随机数字表法分为 PBS 对照组、OVA 模型组及中药复方 For-mula-3治疗组,每组8只。OVA 模型组与中药复方 Formula-3治疗组在前6周和第7、9、11、13周分别予 OVA（1 mg·mL－1）灌胃致敏,每天1次;于第13周末以 OVA（100 mg·mL－1）进行激发,建立大鼠 OVA 食物过敏模型。其中中药复方 Formula-3治疗组于第7周开始同时给予1 mL 中药复方 Formula-3（150 mg·mL－1）灌胃治疗,每天1次;OVA 模型组则以1 mL 的0．1 mmol· L－1 PBS 灌胃治疗。PBS 对照组致敏、激发和治疗均予以浓度为0．1 mmol·L－1的 PBS 1 mL 灌胃。激发24 h 后处死大鼠,测定3组大鼠血清中 OVA 特异性 IgE 水平、计算肥大细胞脱颗粒的百分比、观察肠道组织超微结构病理变化等,对治疗效果进行评价。结果 OVA 模型组血清中OVA 特异性 IgE 抗体显著高于 PBS 对照组、脱颗粒肥大细胞数量显著多于 PBS 对照组（均 P ＜0．01）;中药复方Formula-3治疗组血清中 OVA 特异性 IgE 水平显著低于 OVA 模型组、肥大细胞脱颗粒显著少于 OVA 模型组（均P ＜0．01）。OVA 模型组肠黏膜微绒毛变形,细胞内细胞器损伤,细胞间连接破坏,炎性细胞浸润增多;中药复方Formula-3治疗组微绒毛均匀整齐,细胞器基本正常,细胞间连接紧密,与 OVA 模型组相比病变明显轻微。结论中药复方 Formula-3能有效地降低食物过敏大鼠血清中 OVA 特异性 IgE,减少肥大细胞脱颗粒并减轻肠道的病理改变,对食物过敏有良好的治疗效果。     

水蛭多肽对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制

目的：探讨水蛭多肽提取物对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。方法采用线栓法制备大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤模型,制模成功后按随机数字表法分为4组：模型组（A 组,n＝6）、水蛭多肽低剂量组（5 mg· kg－1,B 组,n＝7）、水蛭多肽高剂量组（10 mg·kg－1,C 组,n＝8）及灯盏花素注射液阳性对照组（5 mg·kg－1,D 组,n＝7）;另取大鼠7只制作假手术组（E 组）。5组均尾静脉注射给药,每日1次,连续7 d;B、C、D 组给予相对应药物,A、E组给予等体积生理盐水。采用称重法测定大鼠体质量、进食量,TTC 染色法测定脑梗死体积,伊文思蓝法测定血-脑屏障功能。结果与 A 组比较,B、C、D 组体质量降低程度、神经功能评分、脑梗死体积均显著减小,进食量显著增加,血-脑屏障功能显著改善（P ＜0．05或 P ＜0．01）。结论水蛭多肽对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤具有显著的保护作用,其保护机制与其对血-脑屏障损伤的改善有关。     

一种大鼠海马神经元的原代培养方法

目的建立一种简便高效的海马神经元的原代培养方法。方法无菌环境下取新生SD大鼠（24 h内）海马,清洗、剪碎,以0.25%胰蛋白酶消化,200目滤网过滤,混合培养,约5 d后加入阿糖胞苷抑制神经胶质细胞的生长。采用免疫细胞化学方法检测神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）的表达情况,观察海马神经元形态。结果海马神经元纯度≥90%。神经元接种3 d后具有典型的形态特征,13~14 d突起形成密集的神经纤维网络,14 d后细胞出现凋亡。结论本实验方法步骤简便,可获得纯度较高的海马神经元,为研究与海马神经元相关的疾病提供了实验基础。     

壳聚糖／磷酸甘油复合自体间充质干细胞修复关节软骨缺损的实验研究

目的探讨壳聚糖／磷酸甘油（C／GP）复合自体间充质干细胞（MSCs）对兔关节软骨缺损的修复作用。方法选择3个月龄新西兰大耳白兔18只,双下肢髁关节面上共制作3个直径3mm、深3mm的全层软骨缺损,自左到右为：C／GP复合自体MSCs组（A组）,C／GP组（B组）,空白对照组（c组）。分别于术后4、8、12周各处死6只,应用大体观察、组织学观察及组织学评分评估缺损软骨的修复情况。结果A组术后12周,组织切片显示新生组织中可见大量类透明软骨细胞出现,修复组织和周围软骨整合良好。A组各个时间点组织学评分均高于其他2组（P〈0．05）。结论C／GP复合自体MSCs可促进对兔关节软骨缺损的修复。     

心脉隆对缺氧缺血性脑损伤模型新生大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的研究心脉隆（Xinmailong,XML）对缺氧缺血性脑损伤（HIBD）模型新生大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响。方法 96只新生7日龄SD大鼠采用随机数字表法分为3组,每组32只：假手术对照组（Sham组）、HIBD模型对照组（HIBD组）、HIBD＋XML组（XML组）。结扎实验鼠左颈总动脉后吸入8%O22.5 h制成HIBD模型,XML组在模型建立后,空气复苏5 min并立即给予XML注射液5 mg·kg^-1腹腔注射,其余2组接受同剂量的生理盐水。各组于缺氧缺血（HI）后24 h、48 h、72 h、7 d 4个时间点（每个时间点各8只）分批取心肌组织,HE染色后光镜下观察心肌组织病理形态学改变;Hoechst33258荧光染色及原位末端标记法（TUNEL）定性和定量检测心肌细胞凋亡。结果 Sham组死亡0只;HIBD组死亡4只;XML组死亡2只,各组间存活率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。Sham组各时间点心肌组织均仅见散在的凋亡细胞,而HIBD组及XML组心肌细胞凋亡指数均于HI后24 h即开始升高,72 h达到高峰,之后逐渐下降,持续至7 d仍显著高于Sham组（P〈0.05）;XML组与HIBD组相比上述指标显著降低（P〈0.05）。结论新生大鼠HIBD后早期心肌细胞即可出现明显凋亡,以HI后72 h更明显;XML能够明显抑制HIBD模型新生大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的发生,发挥对缺氧损伤心肌细胞的保护作用。     

微囊化兔坐骨神经组织细胞移植对脊髓损伤大鼠比目鱼肌FasL及Caspase-3表达的影响

目的观察用微囊化兔坐骨神经组织细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤对比目鱼肌凋亡相关蛋白FasL及Caspase-3表达的影响,探讨微囊化异种组织细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的可能机制。方法家兔8只用于制备兔坐骨神经组织细胞悬液。成年SD大鼠80只按随机数字表法分为A组（正常组8只）、B组（微囊化兔坐骨神经组织细胞移植组24只）、C组（兔坐骨神经组织细胞移植组24只）和D组（单纯损伤组24只）。B、C及D组大鼠于T10脊髓行左半横断伤后,立即于损伤处分别植入明胶海绵吸附的10μL微囊化坐骨神经组织细胞、明胶海绵吸附的10μL坐骨神经组织细胞以及空明胶海绵。分别于术后1、3、7、14 d（每个时相取6只大鼠）取损伤侧比目鱼肌肌腹,A组（每个时相取2只大鼠）取相应部位的比目鱼肌肌腹。应用HE染色观察肌细胞微观形态、免疫组织化学染色观察比目鱼肌凋亡相关蛋白FasL及Caspase-3的表达情况。结果脊髓半切损伤后B组肌纤维萎缩始终不明显,而C、D组随时间的进展肌萎缩越来越明显。脊髓损伤1 d后比目鱼肌FasL及Caspase-3阳性表达升高,至第7天达高峰,第14天维持在较高水平;B组FasL及Caspase-3的表达明显低于同时间点的C组及D组（P〈0.01）。结论微囊化兔坐骨神经组织细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤可抑制比目鱼肌FasL及Caspase-3的表达,并延缓肌萎缩。     

Invertebrate mercury bioaccumulation in permanent, seasonal, and flooded rice wetlands within California's Central Valley

We examined methylmercury (MeHg) bioavailability in four of the most predominant wetland habitats in California's Central Valley agricultural region during the spring and summer: white rice, wild rice, permanent wetlands, and shallowly-flooded fallow fields. We sampled MeHg and total mercury (THg) concentrations in two aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa at the inlets, centers, and outlets of four replicated wetland habitats (8 wetlands total) during two time periods bounding the rice growing season and corresponding to flood-up and pre-harvest (96 total samples). In general, THg concentrations (mean ± standard error) in Notonectidae (Notonecta, back swimmers; 1.18 ± 0.08 µg g^− 1 dry weight [dw]) were higher than in Corixidae (Corisella, water boatmen; 0.89 ± 0.06 µg g^− 1 dw, MeHg: 0.74 ± 0.05 µg g^− 1 dw). MeHg concentrations were correlated with THg concentrations in Corixidae (R² = 0.80) and 88% of THg was in the MeHg form. Wetland habitat type had an important influence on THg concentrations in aquatic invertebrates, but this effect depended on the sampling time period and taxa. In particular, THg concentrations in Notonectidae, but not Corixidae, were higher in permanent wetlands than in white rice, wild rice, or shallowly-flooded fallow fields. THg concentrations in Notonectidae were higher at the end of the rice growing season than near the time of flood-up, whereas THg concentrations in Corixidae did not differ between time periods. The effect of wetland habitat type was more prevalent near the end of the rice growing season, when Notonectidae THg concentrations were highest in permanent wetlands. Additionally, invertebrate THg concentrations were higher at water outlets than at inlets of wetlands. Our results indicate that although invertebrate THg concentrations increased from the time of flood-up to draw-down of wetlands, temporarily flooded habitats such as white rice, wild rice, and shallowly-flooded fallow fields did not have higher THg or MeHg concentrations in invertebrates than permanent wetlands.