Study on Surface Engineering of Normalized Steels Subjected To Machine

Engineering the surfaces of components to improve the life and performance of parts used in automotive and aerospace engineering is the active area of research. Suitable Thermal/Mechanical/Thermo mechanical surface engineering treatments will produce extensive rearrangement of atoms in metals and alloys and corresponding marked variations in Physical, Chemical and Mechanical properties. Among the more important of these treatments are heat treatment processes such as hardening by Quenching, Induction hardening and Case Carburizing which rely on phase transformations to produce desired changes in mechanical properties. Other processes where phase transformation occur are casting, welding and machining etc. [1] Phase transformation may be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Homogeneous involves rearrangements in the structure of the material taking place simultaneously in all parts of the solid, while the heterogeneous transformation involves structural changes which are more localized. Alternatively they could be called as Isothermal and Nonisothermal transformation. But irrespective of the classification, these transformations alter the structure of the material giving rise to changes in the mechanical and physical properties of the processed material. It is of interest to review some consequences of surface modification in isothermal (Normalizing) and nonisothermal transformations (Machining) of low carbon steels.     

The generation of surface roughness during slurry erosion-corrosion and its effect on the pitting potential

Results of experiments performed to isolate the effect of surface roughness generated during slurry erosion-corrosion of 304L stainless steel are presented. Surfaces prepared by grinding to different finishes show that increasing the roughness lowers the pitting potential in chloride solution. Subsequent erosion by an aqueous sand slurry then alters this pitting potential (E_p), as measured in the solution phase alone, in a manner dependent on the initial surface roughness. Surfaces which were initially rougher show a pronounced rise in _p after erosion, while those with an initially smoother finish show a fall in E_p after erosion. Measurement of E_p during erosion-corrosion does not fit either process, with values of _Ep lower than those predicted from the surface roughness alone.     

LF软吹时间对硅脱氧弹簧钢氧化物夹杂控制影响

 对于一些采用硅锰脱氧冶炼工艺的特殊钢,为保证钢水洁净度,常会选择较长时间的LF软吹处理,导致过程能耗增加。通过工业试验,借助FEI Explorer 4自动扫描电镜检测,研究不同LF精炼软吹时间对硅脱氧弹簧钢55SiCr铸坯氧化物夹杂成分、数量的影响;并采用夹杂物极值统计法,对比评价不同LF精炼软吹时间对应成品盘条横截面最大夹杂物尺寸控制情况。结果表明,在LF软吹10 min与软吹40 min 两种工艺条件下,铸坯中尺寸大于5 μm的氧化物夹杂成分接近,均在CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃相图中假硅灰石、钙长石和钙铝黄长石共晶低熔点区,其中软吹10 min工艺铸坯氧化物夹杂组成落入低熔点区的数量所占比例更大。LF软吹10 min与软吹40 min铸坯中尺寸大于5 μm的氧化物夹杂数量密度分别为11.70个/100 mm2和14.59个/100 mm2,尺寸大于15 μm 的氧化物夹杂数量密度分别为0.53个/100 mm2和1.65个/100 mm2,LF软吹10 min工艺铸坯大尺寸氧化物夹杂数量密度略低于LF软吹40 min工艺。当预测面积为30 000 mm2时,两种LF软吹时间对应成品盘条横截面最大夹杂物尺寸分别为27.1 μm和28.1 μm,盘条最大夹杂物尺寸控制无显著差别。结合硅锰脱氧钢中大尺寸低熔点CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃系夹杂物主要源自钢包渣乳化卷入,具有与钢水和氩气泡界面接触角很小、难以通过吹氩上浮去除的特点,建议硅锰脱氧钢LF软吹过程按短时间快节奏进行控制。     

5%Si高硅奥氏体不锈钢元素偏析及均匀化处理

 高硅奥氏体不锈钢由于高含量硅元素的加入使其具有优异的耐高温腐蚀性能和较低的成本,在制酸行业有着潜在的应用价值。然而,该合金中高含量硅元素的加入会促进凝固过程中溶质再分配,进而造成显著的元素偏析,最终导致合金内部产生枝晶组织和大量的有害相。对铸锭组织进行均匀化处理能够有效消除枝晶与元素偏析,促进析出相回溶和枝晶消融,从而改善材料的热塑性,有效应对热变形开裂问题。因此,采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜能谱分析(SEM/EDS)、电子探针(EPMA)、JMatPro软件计算等方法,研究了实验室条件下制备的5%Si高硅奥氏体不锈钢铸锭的显微组织和元素分布状态,通过残余偏析指数、扩散动力学计算并结合均匀化处理试验验证,最终确定了5%Si高硅奥氏体不锈钢合理的均匀化处理工艺。结果表明,5%Si高硅奥氏体不锈钢凝固过程中钼元素偏析最为严重,通过残余偏析指数模型计算得到的均匀化动力学方程可用来指导该成分合金的均匀化处理工艺;5%Si高硅奥氏体不锈钢经过1 150 ℃×12 h均匀化处理后,铸锭内枝晶消融,元素偏析基本消除,析出相与铁素体回溶到基体中,合金转变为全奥氏体组织,热塑性得到改善;当加热温度达到1 250 ℃时,合金出现过烧现象,晶界开始熔化。     

低成本钢尾渣-矿渣基矿山充填料的优化开发

 为实现多固废协同利用、降低充填成本,在矿渣基全粒级细尾砂胶结充填料基础上,以流动性和抗压强度为表征,利用热闷钢渣磁选尾渣(钢尾渣)替代部分矿渣作为胶凝材料,脱硫灰和水泥熟料替代部分专用添加剂作为外加剂,采用正交试验探寻掺量规律,优化固体填充料配比,开发钢尾渣-矿渣基软性矿山充填料,并研究了外加剂与胶材比、灰砂比等因素的影响。对比分析了矿渣基准组、钢尾渣-矿渣基准组(B1)、强度最优外加剂组分钢尾渣-矿渣组(B7)等3组充填料的微观形貌及XRD图谱以探究其水化机理。结果表明,钢尾渣替代矿渣量增加、外加剂与胶材比减小,充填料浆流动性改善,但充填体抗压强度下降。强度正交试验结果表明,钢尾渣掺量大小决定强度低高,脱硫灰掺量宜高于水泥熟料。进一步调整外加剂组分配比,在灰砂比为1∶6、钢尾渣替代矿渣为20%条件下,找出B7组外加剂组分为脱硫灰、水泥熟料分别替代30%、20%专用添加剂,B7组料浆扩展度为143 mm,充填体形貌为富铁绿泥石胶结假方体钙硅灰石,28 d抗压强度达2.13 MPa,较基准组低0.19 MPa,较B1提高0.26 MPa。该替代方案满足现场充填C2级强度的要求,改善流动性并显著降低了充填成本。优化的外加剂组分配比在灰砂比为1∶4条件下同样具有强度优化作用,但较灰砂比为1∶6条件下低。     

不锈钢复合板热疲劳性能分析

利用冷热疲劳试验机模拟分析了冷热循环对不锈钢复合板热疲劳性能的影响,并采用扫描电镜、电子探针和电子背散射衍射仪对热疲劳试样V形缺口及裂纹区域的形貌和成分进行了深入分析。结果表明,不锈钢复合板热疲劳试样经 20~550 ℃ 7 500次冷热循环后,结合界面处V形缺口区出现微裂纹,且微裂纹起裂于V形缺口尖端基层侧。随着冷热循环的继续进行,微裂纹向基层内扩展,但并非沿着结合界面处扩展,而是沿着基层侧扩展。此外,热疲劳裂纹的起裂和扩展与氧化和应力作用有关,微裂纹起裂于热疲劳试样 V 形缺口区域基层侧表层局部氧化孔洞,并在冷热循环的应力作用下向基层内扩展,同时加剧氧化。随着冷热循环的继续进行,晶界氧化逐渐加剧,导致微裂纹扩展成更为明显的裂纹。     

Q390高强抗震钢板残余应力检测方法对比及分析

利用盲孔法、X-Ray法、中子衍射法和超声法对Q390高强抗震板及U形弯曲件进行残余应力检测,并对这4种方法测试得到的应力结果进行分析研究。结果表明,以上4种检测方法均要考虑其特定的检测应用范围,X-Ray法针对钢板表面下微米级深度的微米级晶格尺度范围局部点应力进行检测,中子衍射法可在毫米级尺度局部区域进行应力检测,盲孔法反映的是因毫米尺度钻孔导致的钢板表面孔周边的应力变化,超声法则可以通过连续扫描检测整个钢板残余应力的宏观分布变化。因此,对于工业钢板,超声法测试残余应力更加科学、合理、准确。同时,通过U形试样建立稳定的应力应变场,利用超声设备使用不同参考态对Q390高强抗震板弯曲件及退火弯曲件进行测试,结果表明,测试参考态的选取对应力测试结果影响很大,材料各向异性的影响对应力测试结果不可忽视。     

Ce对440C不锈轴承钢夹杂物演变的影响

为探究稀土Ce对440C不锈轴承钢中夹杂物的改性作用,利用实验室MoSi₂电阻炉对440C不锈轴承钢进行稀土Ce处理,采用OM、SEM等系统分析了Ce的添加对440C不锈轴承钢脱氧及夹杂物演变的影响。结果表明,随着Ce加入量的增加,其收得率逐渐升高。Ce的加入使钢中TO质量分数由0.002 5%降低至0.001 2%。未加入Ce的钢中夹杂物主要为Al₂O₃、MnS以及镁铝尖晶石;加入质量分数为0.011 5%的Ce后,夹杂物被改性为以Ce-Al-O为主的夹杂物;当Ce的添加量达到0.036 4%时,夹杂物被完全改性为Ce-O-S夹杂物。适量的Ce可以降低夹杂物尺寸及面积比例,但过量加入会使夹杂物尺寸变大。在本试验条件下,当Ce质量分数为0.011 5%时,钢中夹杂物细小弥散效果最明显。以上结论可为Ce在高碳铬不锈轴承钢中的应用提供参考。     

Characterization of blasted austenitic stainless steel and its corrosion resistance

It is known that the corrosion resistance of stainless steel is deteriorated by blasting, but the reason for this deterioration is not clear. A blasted austenitic stainless steel plate (JIS-SUS304) has been characterized with comparison to the scraped and non-blasted specimens. The surface roughness of the blasted specimen is larger than that of materials finished with #180 paper. A martensite phase is formed in the surface layer of both blasted and scraped specimens. Compressive residual stress is generated in the blasted specimen and the maximum residual stress is formed at 50–100 μm from the surface. The corrosion potentials of the blasted specimen and subsequently solution treated specimen are lower than that of the non-blasted specimen. The passivation current densities of the blasted specimens are higher those of the non-blasted specimen. The blasted specimen and the subsequently solution treated specimen exhibit rust in 5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, while the non-blasted specimen and ground specimen do not rust in the solution. It is concluded that the deterioration of corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel through blasting is caused by the roughed morphology of the surface.     

应变速率对中碳低温贝氏体钢强塑性的影响

摘要：为探索低温贝氏体钢的断裂行为,研究应变速率对低温贝氏体钢TRIP效应的影响,采用不同应变速率的拉伸试验对低温贝氏体钢的强塑性进行研究。利用扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）及X射线衍射（XRD）等试验方法对低温贝氏体钢的微观组织、断口形貌及裂纹走向进行表征。结果表明,随着应变速率的提高,试验钢的屈服强度由771MPa上升至806MPa,抗拉强度由1554MPa上升至1606MPa,断后伸长率由13.5%下降至9.0%。主要原因是高应变速率拉伸引发的绝热温升抑制了残余奥氏体的马氏体相变,对试验钢塑性造成负面影响。