松茸菌汤熬制工艺参数优化及风味成分分析

以云南产新鲜松茸菌为主要原料,研究松茸菌汤熬制的主要工艺参数。以菌汤中固形物溶出率和蛋白质溶出率为考察指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验分析和讨论,确定松茸菌汤熬制工艺参数,并对松茸菌汤中的氨基酸、呈味核苷酸和风味成分进行分析。结果表明：松茸菌汤熬制的最佳工艺为料液比1∶60（g/mL）、熬制时间90 min、熬制火力中火（1 000 W）,此时菌汤中固形物溶出率为49.68%,蛋白质溶出率为45.74%;菌汤中总氨基酸和游离氨基酸均为17 种,含量分别为109.60 mg/100 mL和41.20 mg/100 mL;呈味核苷酸5’-肌苷酸二钠和5’-鸟苷酸二钠含量分别为2.0 μg/mL和28.4 μg/mL;气相色谱-质谱联用测得菌汤中挥发性物质共28 种,其中醇类物质所占比例最大。     

Physicochemical and physiological changes during the ripening of Banana (Musaceae) fruit grown in Colombia

The physicochemical and physiological attributes of three contrasting commercial varieties of Musaceae, Dominico Harton (plantain), Guineo (cooking banana) and Gros Michel (dessert banana), were evaluated and statistically analysed during post-harvest ripening. Quality attributes differed markedly among varieties, both in fresh fruits and during ripening. Variety (V) had a significant effect (P < 0.001) on all attributes except total soluble solids (TSS), carotenes and total chlorophyll. Storage time (ST) had a significant effect on all attributes except colour parameter b* and total carotenes. Starch levels decreased significantly (P < 0.001) during ripening, with nearly complete hydrolysis in Gros Michel, followed by Guineo and Dominico Harton. Discriminant analysis showed that central diameter, TSS of the pulp, colour parameter a* and total starch had the highest weight in the differentiation among varieties. These results point out which parameters may help improve current methods for monitoring ripening of bananas, in particular the commercially important varieties in this study.     

响应面法优化黄浆水絮凝工艺及其代谢组学分析

为了提高黄浆水的附加值和利用率,缓解排放黄浆水带来的环境污染,本文对黄浆水中的可溶性固形物进行絮凝处理。在单因素实验基础上结合响应面法对黄浆水中可溶性固形物的絮凝工艺进行优化,并且对絮凝前后黄浆水进行了蛋白质和总糖含量测定、生化需氧量和化学需氧量测定以及代谢组学测定。实验结果表明,絮凝沉降黄浆水可溶性固形物最佳工艺参数为:壳聚糖添加量为0.54 mg/mL,海藻酸钠添加量为0.24 mg/mL,pH为4.4,温度为47 ℃,此时黄浆水可溶性固形物沉降率为（46.26%±0.38%）;蛋白质含量下降40.68%、总糖含量下降8.41%;生化需氧量和化学需氧量去除率分别为43%、40.95%。代谢组学实验结果表明:黄浆水絮凝前后有66种化合物含量存在显著变化。本研究结果表明絮凝能有效的降低黄浆水中可溶性固形物的含量,为黄浆水的进一步开发利用提供一定的参考。     

微生物发酵对杂粮代餐粉品质特性及抗氧化活性的影响

以紫薯为主要原料,辅以黄豆、花生仁、芝麻籽、玉米、小米、糙米、藜麦、薏米、青稞,选用植物乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌作为菌种制备杂粮代餐粉。通过单因素实验分析接种比例、发酵时间、发酵温度、接种量对杂粮代餐粉可溶性固形物的影响,并利用正交实验优化发酵工艺条件。研究结果表明,最佳发酵条件为：接种比例1∶1,发酵时间7 h,发酵温度34℃,接种量9%。杂粮代餐粉经发酵处理后,色泽变化明显,发酵对样品的总颜色、色差和白度影响最为显著。吸水指数减小,水溶性、膨胀势、持水力增加,持油力减弱。粉体特性明显改善,更加易于糊化,DPPH·清除率和ABTS⁺·清除率分别提升20.92%、8.67%。     

Comparison of microbiota of recycled manure solids and straw bedding used in dairy farms in eastern Canada

Recycled manure solids (RMS) bedding is an alternative bedding option that is growing in popularity on Canadian dairy farms. However, the microbiological characteristics and production of RMS bedding are poorly documented under on-farm conditions in eastern Canada. This bedding could support the presence of pathogens and could have an effect on cow and human health. The aim of this study was to describe the RMS microbiota when used under dairy cows and compare it with straw bedding. Unused and used bedding from 27 RMS and 61 straw-bedded dairy farms were collected and compared using 16S amplicon sequencing, bacterial counts, and Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes detection. Microbiota composition of unused RMS and unused straw were different. After use, both bedding microbiota were similar in their bacterial composition, structure, and diversity. Unused RMS generally contained higher bacterial counts than did unused straw, except for Klebsiella spp. counts. Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were more frequently detected in unused RMS (Salmonella spp.: 11%; L. monocytogenes: 30%), than in unused straw (Salmonella spp.: 0%; L. monocytogenes: 11%). Finally, 2 RMS production systems (extraction of the liquid fraction followed by maturation in an opened or enclosed container vs. in a heap) did not influence the microbiota richness and bacteria distribution (α-diversity), but did influence the microbiota structure (β-diversity). In conclusion, animal and human pathogens were found in greater numbers and more frequently in unused RMS than unused straw, and this could eventually affect dairy cow or human health.     

Changes in phenolics,soluble solids,vitamin C,and antioxidant capacity of various cultivars of hardy kiwifruits during cold storage

Food Science and Biotechnology - Hardy kiwifruits (Actinidia arguta) contain various bioactive compounds such as vitamin C and phenolics and can withstand cold temperatures. Changes in soluble...     

基于可见/近红外光谱和变量选择的脐橙可溶性固形物含量在线检测

为联合可见/近红外光谱技术和变量选择方法在线检测脐橙主要内部品质指标可溶性固形物(SSC),分别选定脐橙校正集和预测集样本141个和47个,脐橙运输速度为0.3m/s,利用USB4000微型光谱仪在线采集脐橙样本的可见/近红外光谱,先分别采用无信息变量消除(UVE)和遗传算法(GA)对650～950nm波段范围的波长变量进行预筛选,再分别利用竞争自适应重加权采样(CARS)及连续投影算法(SPA)对波长变量进一步筛选,并应用偏最小二乘(PLS)方法分别建立脐橙SSC的在线预测模型,并与原始光谱等建立的预测模型进行比较。结果表明,对于脐橙SSC,预筛选方法GA优于UVE方法,变量选择方法CARS优于SPA方法;GA-CARS及GA-SPA联合变量选择方法优于对应的单一变量选择方法CARS及SPA。在上述变量选择方法中,GA-CARS方法获得的结果最优,其所建立的脐橙SSC的PLS模型的校正集和预测集相关系数分别为0.933和0.824,校正集和预测集均方根误差分别为0.429%和0.670%,性能优于原始光谱建立的PLS模型,且建模波长变量数由1 385个下降为78个,仅占原波长变量数的...     

A comparative study for the quantitative determination of soluble solids content,pH and firmness of pears by Vis/NIR spectroscopy

Visible and near infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy was investigated to determine the soluble solids content (SSC), pH and firmness of different varieties of pears. Two-hundred forty samples (80 for each variety) were selected as sample set. Two-hundred ten pear samples (70 for each variety) were selected randomly for the calibration set, and the remaining 30 samples (10 for each variety) for the validation set. Partial least squares (PLS) and least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) with different spectral preprocessing techniques were implemented for calibration models. Different wavelength regions including Vis, NIR and Vis/NIR were compared. It indicated that Vis/NIR (400–1800 nm) was optimal for PLS and LS-SVM models. Then, LS-SVM models were developed with a grid search technique and RBF kernel function. All LS-SVM models outperformed PLS models. Next, effective wavelengths (EWs) were selected according to regression coefficients. The EW-LS-SVM models were developed and a good prediction precision and stability was achieved compared with PLS and LV-LS-SVM models. The correlation coefficient of prediction (r_p), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and bias for the best prediction by EW-LS-SVM were 0.9164, 0.2506 and −0.0476 for SSC, 0.8809, 0.0579 and −0.0025 for pH, whereas 0.8912, 0.6247 and −0.2713 for firmness, respectively. The overall results indicated that the regression coefficient was an effective way for the selection of effective wavelengths. LS-SVM was superior to the conventional linear PLS method in predicting SSC, pH and firmness in pears. Therefore, non-linear models may be a better alternative to monitor internal quality of fruits. And the EW-LS-SVM could be very helpful for development of portable instrument or real-time monitoring of the quality of pears.     

水解拟黑多刺蚂蚁粉的研究

蚂蚁体内含有丰富的营养成分,通过水解法制成的蚂蚁蛋白粉,不仅含有丰富蛋白质,易吸收,而且具有多种医疗保健功能,富含多种生物碱、醛、醇、酸以及ATP、多种酶和辅酶等重要的有机物。结果表明最佳水解条件为用0.100 0 mkat/g的木瓜蛋白酶和0.037 5 mkat/g的纤维素酶在pH7,温度50℃,底物浓度7%的条件下,水解7 h,测得此条件下可溶性固形物的得率为46.5%,可溶性固形物的蛋白质含量达65.87%。