PC／TPU共混物的流变性能

用毛细管流变仪研究了聚碳酸酯（ＰＣ）及聚碳酸酯／热塑性聚氨酯弹性体（ＰＣ／ＴＰＵ）共混物的流变性能。实验结果表明：ＰＣ熔体粘度对剪切速率（γ）不敏感，而对温度（Ｔ）敏感。温度升高，ＰＣ粘度降低。加入ＴＰＵ大大改善了共混物的流动性能，使共混物的成型加工变得容易进行。当ＴＰＵ含量为４０份时，共混物的熔体粘度出现一极小值。加入不同第三组分对于降低共混物的熔体粘度效果不同，第三组分Ｅ对共混物有增粘作用     

由振动台试验结果反推原型结构地震反应注记

由结构模型的振动台试验结果来考察真实结构的动力特性,是研究工程结构地震反应的试验研究方法之一,如何正确处理试验模型与原型的相似关系以及如何由模型反应正确推导原型反应是很重要的问题。通过对15层框-桁架结构的振动台试验模型的地震反应,采用2种方法反推原型结构地震反应并加以对比,从而考察和探讨模型与原型相似关系的准确性,指出了由模型反推原型结构地震反应的注意事项和建议。     

Hybrid systems in seawater desalination—practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives

Ever since seawater desalination has been applied on an industrial scale, and particular in the countries of the Arabian Gulf, the application of desalination processes in dual-purpose facilities—water and power—as a hybrid configuration has been discussed in many feasibility investigations and also planning concepts. It is above all the combination of reverse osmosis with thermal processes that has found increasing interest with the aim of ensuring, as economically as possible, uniform water supplies under the specific, greatly varying load conditions in the Gulf countries. Such design concepts for hybrid configurations encompass straightforward structures with a low degree of coupling between membrane and thermal desalination processes, but range up to very complex configurations with strong interconnections on both the water side and thermally, as well as with several desalination processes connected in series or in parallel. Classical hybrid concepts in which the permeate from an RO desalination component is mixed with distillate from thermal desalination have already been implemented in Saudi Arabian dual-purpose plants, like Jeddah and Yanbu-Medina. Although hybrid systems of greater complexity have been addressed in many design studies and publications, up to now none has been brought to fruition. Coming into consideration asthe design basis for determining the capacity shares of the various desalination processes operated in a hybrid configuration are: arrangement of thermal cycle of the power plant component; water/power ratio of the dual-purpose seawater desalination and power plant; provision of undiminished water production of the desalination plant as electricity generation varies; provision of a specified drinking water quality with regard to composition and salt content; combination of all these aspects. Also gaining in importance are concerns of environmental pollution and sustainable development when selecting seawater desalination and power plant configurations, as well as their optimization when considering desalination and electricity generation as a whole. In the practical design of hybrid membrane and thermal systems, aspects come to light, though, that restrict linking of the two systems and joint utilization of facilities, as conceived in studies and conceptual design investigations. This applies both for common utilization of intakes and the use of heated up cooling water from thermal processes as a feed stream for the RO part of the desalination process. Additionally, requirements of drinking water composition, particularly chloride content, TDS and compliance with a specific residual content of boron, influence specifically the design of the membrane process part and its share in the total desalination capacity. Such practical aspects have greatly influenced the design and configuration of the Fujairah hybrid plant for which, from a total desalination capacity of 100 MIGD (454,600 m³/d), the share of 37.5 MIGD (170,500 m³/d) makes its seawater RO plant the biggest currently being constructed anywhere in the world. From the findings of the engineering of this plant and the idea that, by increasing interconnection between the two processes on the water side, it is possible to advance a hybrid configuration of this type with regard to cost optimization in the membrane installation, but also by joint utilization of the intake equipment, perspectives result for applied research efforts over the near and long terms, for example: long-term behavior of membranes at elevated temperatures; tendency for biofouling in membrane process with common utilization of cooling water and brine; influences of such interconnections on the overall availability of the facility. But also for the operation and maintenance organization of such large facilities, consequences can be foreseen for the future development of hybrid plants, particularly for operation management and organisation of the interplay of the different power plant and desalination systems, monitoring of SWRO membrane replacement and cleaning, as well as controlling water quality.     

一种线性时间复杂度的高效路由保护方法

如何高效快速地应对网络中的故障是设计路由协议的基本要求和主要任务。由于动态路由协议在应对网络中的故障时,在协议动态收敛的过程中将会有大量的报文被丢弃。因此,目前路由器厂商普遍采用路由保护方法来克服网络故障,在众多的路由保护方法中,DC（downstream criterion）规则是一种被普遍认可的方法。然而,已有的实现 DC规则算法的时间复杂度普遍较高,并且复杂度随着网络节点平均度的增加而迅速增加。为了应对上述问题,提出一种线性时间复杂度的高效路由保护方案ERPLR（an efficient routing protection method with linear time complexity）,该方法首先提出了备份下一跳计算规则,然后在已有最短路径树的基础上,根据备份下一跳计算规则为所有的源目的节点对计算备份下一跳。在计算备份下一跳的过程中,每个节点和其邻居最多被访问一次,因此ERPLR的时间复杂度为O（V+E）。实验结果表明,与已有的实现DC规则相比较,ERPLR在故障保护率和路径拉伸度两个度量指标结果相似的情况下,在真实网络拓扑和模拟拓扑中,ERPLR分别降低了大约74.93%和78.91%的计算开销,该方法可以极大地降低DC规则的计算开销。     

Combustion of a gasoline-hydrogen-air mixture in a reciprocating internal combustion engine cylinder and determining the optimum gasoline-hydrogen ratio

This paper reports results of an analysis of experimental data on the combustion of a gasoline-hydrogen-air mixture in a reciprocating internal combustion engine cylinder. The completeness of combustion of the mixture is shown to depend on the amount of hydrogen in the fuel mixture and the composition and physicochemical properties of the mixture. In particular, the conditions of addition of hydrogen to the gasoline-air mixture with active chemical action on the combustion process and the action of hydrogen as an additional fuel component are determined. A dimensionless universal relation is proposed that allows one to uniquely determine the initial composition of the fuel mixture (hydrogen to gasoline ratio) to accomplish combustion of the fuel mixture at the lean combustion limit. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 8–14, July–August, 2007.     

Impregnation of X Zeolite with Alkaline Hydroxide During the Synthesis

Enhancement of the basic properties of the X zeolite with FAU framework has been carried out during synthesis, without further treatment such as ion-exchange or impregnation. Control of the washing stage enables retention of the optimum amount of alkaline hydroxides, which increases the basic catalytic activity of X zeolite in the alkylation of toluene. This alkaline hydroxides neither affect the FAU framework nor the silicon/aluminium molar ratio of the X zeolite. The optimum (Na + K)/Al molar ratio of the improved catalyst was 1.06 corresponding to a washing volume of 200 mL. This X zeolite presented better catalytic activity than a cesium-zeolite prepared by ion-exchange. The presence of hydroxysodalite impurity in the X zeolite increased the amount of impregnated alkaline hydroxides but not the catalytic activity. The present study shows that it is possible to increase the basic properties of the X zeolite directly in the synthesis process.     

多糖类生物降解材料的研究进展

本文在参考二十八篇文献及专利报道的基础上详述了以多糖类天然高分子为原料的生物降解材料的研究发展。淀粉、纤维素、壳聚糖及其它多糖，是自然界中大量存在的天然高分子材料，来源丰富，价格低廉、且易被微生物分解。多糖类降解材料可用通用的加工方法和设备加工成型，产品性能优良，可完全生物降解，其开发和应用是解决目前世界范围内的塑料产生的污染问题的理想途径。     

Characterization of polyisoprene-clay nanocomposites prepared by solution blending

The effects of clay dispersion and the interactions between clays and polymer chains on the viscoelastic properties of polymer/clay nanocomposites are investigated using oscillatory shear rheology, X-ray diffraction (XRD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Four different montmorillonite silicates of natural clays, plasma-treated clays, and organically modified clays (OCs) have been used in this study. For the polyisoprene (PI)/clay nanocomposites, the exfoliation of the OC dispersed in the PI matrix is confirmed with XRD and SAXS although TEM images show both exfoliated and non-exfoliated nanoclay sheets. In contrast aggregation or intercalation is obtained for the other PI/clay composites studied here. Additionally, the effective maximum volume packing fraction of OC for the exfoliated nanocomposites is determined from the overlapping of dynamic viscosity at low frequency regime, in which the effective maximum volume packing fraction is larger than the percolation threshold determined from the storage modulus of the nanocomposites.     

双阳煤在PKM气化炉试烧总结

介绍了在PKM气化炉中弱粘结性双阳煤的试烧情况,并给出了主要工艺参数控制范围。试烧结果表明:依兰煤中配入50%双阳煤,汽氧比6.0:1时,气化炉工况良好。     

Graft Copolymerization of Acrylamide onto Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) Fiber

Grafting of acrylamide (AAm) onto oil palm empty fruits bunch fiber using hydrogen peroxide as initiator and methyl acrylate as comonomer was investigated. The amount of comonomer needed to make grafting of acrylamide possible was determined. The percentage of poly(acrylamide) and the comonomer in the final graft copolymer was estimated by elemental analysis. Results obtained indicated that methyl acrylate facilitated the incorporation of acrylamide monomer onto OPEFB. The reactivity ratios for both monomers were determined by using Fineman–Ross plot. The effects of reaction temperature and period as well as amount of the initiator, solvent, monomer and comonomer on the percentage of grafting at fixed amount of comonomer (11 mmol) were studied. Maximum percentage of grafting was achieved when the amount of initiator and solvent 3.98×10⁻³ mol and 50 mL respectively. The optimum reaction temperature was 50 ^○C and the reaction period was 90 min. Highest percentage of grafting was 232% when 25.6 mmol of acrylamide was used under these optimum conditions. The presence of functional group in the grafted polymer is characterized by infrared spectroscopy and the surface morphology is observed by scanning electron microscopy. Thermoanalytic investigation on OPEFB and OPEFB-g-PAAM were carried out to evaluate the thermal stability and respective activation energy of the materials.