新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病与血清及脑脊液葡萄糖水平变化的研究

目的研究新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)与血清及脑脊液葡萄糖水平的变化,为HIE临床分度与治疗提供参考依据。方法对HIE患儿于急性期及恢复期各测定1次血清及脑脊液葡萄糖的含量,并以正常新生儿作为对照组。结果轻、中、重度HIE组患儿急性期血清及脑脊液葡萄糖水平分别为:(1)血清葡萄糖:(4.50±0.20);(3.80±0.21);(3.20±0.22),低于对照组:(4.80±0.25)(P值分别<0.05、0.01、0.01);(2)脑脊液葡萄糖:(4.30±0.20);(4.00±0.21);(3.50±0.20),低于对照组(4.50±0.25)(P值分别<0.05、0.01、0.01)。且临床分度愈重,血清及脑脊液葡萄糖水平降低愈明显,HIE各组间差异显著(P<0.05)。HIE各组患儿恢复期血清及脑脊液葡萄糖水平上升。结论测定HIE患儿血清及脑脊液葡萄糖含量,有助于对HIE的分度,及指导临床治疗。     

Measurement challenges in trying to understand our brain

I present here the briefest of summaries of what is known about the workings of the brain to an audience of non-neuroscientists. The intention is to motivate those intimately involved in instrumentation and measurement to collaborate in improving the techniques available nowadays and that will allow Man, in a not too distant future, to understand its own brain. I focus on four of the most promising methods highlighting what they can tell us about the brain and pointing out the shortcomings that need to be addressed: magnetic resonance imaging, magnetoencephalography, two-photon excitation microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.     

中子活化分析研究长期摄入氯化镧对大鼠脑中部分常量和微量元素含量的影响

利用中子活化分析技术,初步研究了长期从饮水中摄入不同剂量的稀土元素镧对大鼠脑中12种常量和微量元素含量的影响。结果发现,镧的剂量越高,实验大鼠脑组织中含量发生变化的元素种类越多。1000mg/L组大鼠脑组织中有5种元素的含量与对照组相比发生了明显改变,而且这些元素都与脑功能密切相关。因此,镧的摄入可能会对脑的功能产生不利影响。     

Wakefulness in young and elderly subjects driving at night in a car simulator

Young drivers are over-represented in nighttime traffic accidents and several studies have suggested that many accidents are associated with elevated sleepiness levels. It has been suggested that there may be a connection between lowered wake capacity and functional sensory motor skills on the one hand and sleep deprivation at the circadian low in young drivers on the other.Performance during a 45/min evening and night drive among young (n = 10, age range 18–24 years) and elderly (n = 10, age range 55–64 years) subjects was studied using a moving base driving simulator. EEG was measured continuously. Every 5 min, subjects were rated on the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). Saliva cortisol was assessed before and after each drive.The results showed that sleepiness increased across each drive and was higher among young drivers at night. Relative EEG power increased among older drivers for frequencies of 10–16 Hz. The sigma 1 frequency band (12–14 Hz) proved particularly sensitive to sustained driving, and was elevated among subjects in the elderly group. Cortisol levels before and after the evening and night drive showed higher mean levels for elderly subjects.The present study has demonstrated that young drivers were more sleepy while driving at night. The effects could represent a mobilization of effort and a reorganization of brain firing pattern among older subjects, possibly reflecting better ability and effort to resist sleepiness.     

基于ERP信号的目标检测研究综述

目标检测技术应用广泛,现有的基于计算机视觉的目标检测方法由于目标遮挡、光照强弱等因素难以适应复杂场景的需求。而人脑的高级认知能力和快速感知能力在处理复杂情况时具有一定的优势。基于事件相关电位（Event-Related Potentials,ERP）的脑机接口（Brain Computer Interface,BCI）系统与特定事件相关,可检测独立于自发脑电的高级认知活动,是当前人工智能领域的研究热点之一。针对基于ERP信号的目标检测各个环节进行了研究现状的全面归纳,梳理了以快速串行视觉呈现（Rapid Serial Visual Presentation task,RSVP）为主的实验范式,包括呈现模式、目标视场角、目标复杂度等设计因素。总结了脑电信号分析中的预处理方法、特征提取和特征分类算法,介绍了其在人脸识别、军事作战、医学分析等领域中的初步应用。探讨了目前研究中存在的问题和挑战并展望未来的研究方向与应用前景。     

脑显像剂IMP的放射性碘标记及动物实验

文章报道了对本校合成的RS-N-Isopropyl-P-Iodoamphetamine进行~(125)I标记和动物实验的初步结果。我们采用水热法进行同位素交换反应,在Cu(II)和过量还原剂存在的条件下,可以方便地获得高标记率的~(125)I-IMP。经萃取纯化后,放化纯度>98%;游离~(125)I<1%。测定了在大鼠体内静脉注射~(125)I-IMP的分布,结果表明,~(125)I-IMP具有脑摄取率高、脑与血的比值大、在脑贮留时间长等优点,是一种有用的新型脑显象剂。     

基于形态学重建滤波的脑部磁共振图像分割

在阐述形态学基本原理、形态学重建滤波原理和方法的基础上,提出了形态学交变序列重建滤波,并应用于脑部磁共振图像分割。试验结果表明,该方法能有效地滤除无用的信息而保留图像原始形状不变。再应用形态学梯度运算、测地距离和流域变换方法就能准确地分割出脑部磁共振图像的头盖骨和脑膜。     

Towards EEG-based BCI driven by emotions for addressing BCI-Illiteracy: a meta-analytic review

Many critical aspects affect the correct operation of a Brain Computer Interface. The term ‘BCI-illiteracy’ describes the impossibility of using a BCI paradigm. At present, a universal solution does not exist and seeking innovative protocols to drive a BCI is mandatory. This work presents a meta-analytic review on recent advances in emotions recognition with the perspective of using emotions as voluntary, stimulus-independent, commands for BCIs. 60 papers, based on electroencephalography measurements, were selected to evaluate what emotions have been most recognised and what brain regions were activated by them. It was found that happiness, sadness, anger and calm were the most recognised emotions. Relevant discriminant locations for emotions recognition and for the particular case of discrete emotions recognition were identified in the temporal, frontal and parietal areas. The meta-analysis was mainly performed on stimulus-elicited emotions, due to the limited amount of literature about self-induced emotions. The obtained results represent a good starting point for the development of BCI driven by emotions and allow to: (1) ascertain that emotions are measurable and recognisable one from another (2) select a subset of most recognisable emotions and the corresponding active brain regions.     

脑外伤患者的SPECT显像与CT对比观察

对４８例脑外伤２进行了＾９９ｍＴｃ－ＥＣＤ ＳＰＥＣＴ脑血流灌注显像。其中４１例在ＳＰＥＣＴ检查的前后两周同时行脑ＣＴ检查，结果ＳＰＥＣＴ对轻、中、重型外伤的检出率分别为６０％、９０％和１００％；而ＣＴ分别为１０％、６０％和１００％，同一病人中ＳＰＥＣＴ比ＣＴ发现的病灶早、数目多，范围大。对脑外伤综合征及后遗症ＳＰＥＣＴ检出率分别为８０％和９０％，ＣＴ分别为２５％和７１．４２％。显然ＳＰＥＣＴ探测     

Creativity and simplicity

For many scientists, human intelligence and, in particular, its creative potential seem to consist of processes that cannot be automated by means of a computer. As already shown with fractal geometry, this short note tries to show that the iteration and combination of very elementary operations can give very complex behaviors and shapes. It gives some practical examples to encourage reader involvement and new experiments, particularly in classroom settings.