巴西大豆生产与科研现状分析

从巴西的大豆生产概况入手,分析了巴西大豆的生产区域分布、收获面积、总产量和单产的变化趋势,总结了巴西的大豆科研体系情况,从文献计量的角度分析1995—2013年巴西大豆相关研究的论文数目、发文机构、发文作者、载文期刊、学科分布及论文引用等科研产出情况,并且采用Cite Space III软件分析巴西大豆研究的前沿领域。希望能从巴西的大豆生产和科研布局中获得启发,更好地提高中国大豆产业的国际竞争力。     

巴西油气合同模式与财税政策新动向

巴西Lula油田的发现证实了桑托斯盆地世界瞩目的勘探潜力,巴西政府调整油气战略,针对盐下地区的核心资源推出了产品分成合同。随着2015年以来巴西经济衰退与腐败丑闻的冲击,巴西政府为吸引国际投资,在财税政策上做出了部分让步,废除了巴西国家石油公司在盐下地区强制作业者权力和至少30%权益的保障、延长了"REPETRO"免税机制20年、大幅降低了本地化采购比例的要求,促进了2017年深水勘探区块的招投标。通过合同模式的对比发现,政府能够在产品分成合同获取更高的分成比例,加强了盐下核心资源的控制。通过对本地化采购要求和间接税体制的解剖,深入认识到采购策略、本地化采购要求和间接税纳税筹划三者之间紧密相连,为中国油公司在巴西油气项目的招投标、并购和运作提出了合适的建议。     

Views of dairy farmers,agricultural advisors,and lay citizens on the ideal dairy farm

The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the shared and divergent views among Brazilian dairy farmers, agricultural advisors, and lay citizens on what characteristics they viewed were most important on an ideal dairy farm. Responses from 107 dairy farmers, 170 agricultural advisors (including veterinarians), and 280 lay citizens were subjected to thematic analyses. Five themes were identified: milk quality, animal welfare, economics, society, and the environment. Although all 3 groups made reference to each of the 5 themes, they emphasized different characteristics. The lay citizens placed the most emphasis on milk quality. In contrast, both the farmers and the advisors highlighted economics as the most important characteristic of an ideal dairy farm. When considering only animal welfare, we noted differences in the use of the constructs of animal welfare: farmers and advisors referred mostly to aspects related to biological functioning, whereas lay citizens emphasized affective states and naturalness. All 3 stakeholder groups referred to the use of pasture as being an important component of an ideal dairy farm but again differed in their reasons; citizens referred to pasture in the context of naturalness, whereas the other 2 stakeholder groups almost always referred to pasture using economic terms. Technology was highlighted by all 3 groups as an important characteristic of an ideal dairy farm but differences were noted in their justification for this view. For example, lay citizens viewed technology as a tool to improve milk quality, whereas farmers and advisors both referred to technology as an important vehicle to improve quality of life for those working in the industry. Lay citizens raised several concerns associated with the overuse of antibiotics and other chemicals, but farmers and advisors rarely mentioned these types of concerns. The latter 2 stakeholders placed considerable emphasis on the quality of life of dairy farmers and workers, an issue rarely discussed by lay citizens. Overall, our findings highlight several disconnects between the expectations of the lay citizens, and farmers and their advisors. We suggest that dairy farmers and agricultural advisors should both reflect on the desires of the lay public in what they view to be an ideal dairy farm, as this may help bridge some of the current disconnects.     

在石油为主要能源的世界中发展乙醇生产——巴西乙醇生产的经验

当前，人们生活在依赖石油的世界中，因为汽油和柴油的价格不断升高，许多国家都在寻求化石燃油的替代物。用糖类作物或谷物生产的乙醇被视为最好的替代物。然而，全球目前乙醇产量仅为汽油耗量的2．5％，所以乙醇需求增长迅速，市场广阔。介绍了巴西乙醇生产的经验；在乙醇市场波动的情况下，乙醇生产商得以生存的措施；乙醇生产商的生产方式；乙醇生产所用糖浆原料的概况等。     

世界主要农药大国的农药销售和使用及全球转基因作物的种植

2006年世界前五大农药大国的农药销售额达176.75亿美元,占全球农药市场的55%,随着巴西和中国农药市场的发展,五国所占份额可能会进一步提高。转基因作物发展迅猛,未来的10年里,其发展速度仍将很快。     

Current practices for establishing environmental flows in Brazil

This paper addresses current practices adopted by Brazilian states for establishing environmental flows. At the national level, the newly created National Water Agency has not yet recommended a standard practice. Confronted with the requirement to grant or deny water rights to users, states have set minimum instream flows using low flow frequency analysis. However, efforts are currently being made to include ecological variables in the decision‐making process. One difficulty with the process is the dearth of information regarding instream flow needs for Brazilian species and recreation. International experience on setting environmental flows is valuable, but care must be taken in its application to the Brazilian reality. Finally the authors express their views on the directions that Brazilian regulatory agencies are likely to adopt in the near future for setting environmental flows. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Up-“Routing” Communities: Subaltern Voices Challenge Sustainable Urban Renewal in Fortaleza,Brazil

Passed in 2001, Brazil’s Estatuto da Cidade (City Statute) requires municipalities to recognize the social value of space in addition to its economic value and has been hailed as a major protection for residents of informal settlements. As Brazil was thrust onto a global stage as host to the World Cup of Soccer and 2016 Summer Olympics, how are local government city officials balancing economic and social use amidst major urban renewal processes? Drawing upon voices of informal settlement residents in Fortaleza, Brazil, we examine the impact of transportation infrastructure upgrades on informal settlements. We find that despite the right to the city espoused in the Estatuto da Cidade, residents in informal settlements continue to be socially and physically marginalized. We examine why social use protections are not halting the displacement of informal settlements and discuss emerging landscapes of local activism resulting from this contradiction.     

Brazil nuts: Benefits and risks associated with contamination by fungi and mycotoxins

The monotypic type genus Bertholletia produces commercially nutritionally harvested edible seeds, Brazil nuts. It is an important product from the Amazon forest in the food production chain, with a 2008 annual world production of 78,000 tonnes, being Brazil responsible for approximately 40% of it. Although there are beneficial nutritional properties, the prevailing mycobiota of Brazil nuts include fungi that are producers of aflatoxins, such as Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius. Aflatoxins have deleterious effects in consumption considering the global distribution chain, affecting major exporting countries. The present review is focused on the importance of Brazil nuts for the Amazon rainforest, emphasizing on the social and environmental impact of its production, on the mycobiota contamination of seeds, and on the presence of mycotoxins and related food safety aspects.     

Regional consortia and transaction costs for sanitation services in Brazil

Studies on public cooperation usually focus on its impact on the service costs experienced by service providers. However, engagement in public cooperation in service provision often seeks other outcomes, like service coverage (measured by the population served) rather than simply minimizing service expenditure. Moreover, public cooperation by local governments, as either ‘providers’ or owners, generates transaction costs arising from negotiation, monitoring, agency costs and the enforcement of cooperative agreements. However, to date, little empirical effort has been directed at determining the impact of transaction costs on service provision owners and service outcomes. This paper addresses this gap in the empirical literature by examining the relationship between cooperative agreements between Brazilian municipalities for water and wastewater provision and service coverage in the light of transaction costs. We find that transaction costs are higher for cooperative providers due primarily to low service coverage levels, especially in sewage services that demand high investment in assets with high specificity. However, lower expenditures may occur after initial up-front investment.