Oxidative removal of bisphenol A using zero valent aluminum-acid system

Bisphenol A (BPA), a controversial endocrine disruptor, is ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. In this study, the oxidative degradation of BPA and its mechanism using zero valent aluminum (ZVAl)-acid system under air-equilibrated conditions was investigated. Under pH <3.5 acidic conditions, ZVAl demonstrated an excellent capacity to remove BPA. More than 75% of BPA was eliminated within 12 h in pH 1.5 reaction solutions initially containing 4.0 g/L aluminum and 2.0 mg/L BPA at 25 ± 1 °C. The removal of BPA was further accelerated with increasing aluminum loadings. Higher temperature and lower initial pH also facilitated BPA removal. The addition of Fe²⁺ into the ZVAl-acid system significantly accelerated the reaction likely due to the enhancing transformation of H₂O₂ to HO via Fenton reaction. Furthermore, the primary products or intermediates including monohydroxylated BPA, hydroquinone, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane and 4-isopropenylphenol, were identified and a possible reaction scheme was proposed. The remarkable capacity of the ZVAl-acid system in removing BPA displays its potential application in the treatment of organic compound-contaminated water.     

Longitudinal prediction of the operational energy use of buildings

Thus far most studies of operational energy use of buildings fail to take a longitudinal view, or in other words, do not take into account how operational energy use changes during the lifetime of a building. However, such a view is important when predicting the impact of climate change, or for long term energy accounting purposes. This article presents an approach to deliver a longitudinal prediction of operational energy use. The work is based on the review of deterioration in thermal performance, building maintenance effects, and future climate change. The key issues are to estimate the service life expectancy and thermal performance degradation of building components while building maintenance and changing weather conditions are considered at the same time. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the deterministic and stochastic approaches, respectively. The work concludes that longitudinal prediction of operational energy use is feasible, but the prediction will depend largely on the availability of extensive and reliable monitoring data. This premise is not met in most current buildings.     

In-plane cyclic behaviour of a new reinforced masonry system: Experimental results

This paper describes the behaviour under cyclic shear compression of an innovative reinforced masonry system, composed of horizontally perforated units, having common steel bars or prefabricated trusses as horizontal reinforcement. At the wall edges or crossings, confining columns for vertical reinforcement are built with vertically perforated units. Experimental tests to obtain information on the in-plane cyclic behaviour of the construction system were performed on masonry panels made of horizontally perforated units and on completed reinforced masonry walls. Tests on the entire system were repeated for two wall aspect ratios and two vertical stress levels, in order to force shear type and flexural behaviour. In particular, this paper presents: (a) results of shear compression tests in terms of strength, ductility parameters, energy dissipation, viscous damping and stiffness degradation, (b) strains and the effectiveness of reinforcement, (c) the influence of various parameters such as axial load, aspect ratio, and reinforcement type on the behaviour of the reinforced masonry walls, and (d) comparison of walls built with and without vertical reinforcement.     

FeCl3-NiCl2石墨层间化合物光催化性能初探

石墨层间化合物是一个近似的二维物理系统,人们对其独特的电学和磁学性质已开展广泛研究,但尚未见到有光催化活性方面报道。本文采用混合加热法制备了多种阶结构的FeCl3-NiCl2石墨层间化合物。将其添加到甲基蓝溶液中,通过紫外光辐照、阳光辐照和暗箱放置等试验发现所合成的石墨层间化合物具有光催化活性,且混合阶结构的样品光催化活性更高。     

Study of Physically Transient Insulating Materials as a Potential Platform for Transient Electronics and Bioelectronics

Controlled degradation and transiency of materials is of significant importance in the design and fabrication of degradable and transient biomedical and electronic devices and platforms. Here, the synthesis of programmable biodegradable and transient insulating polymer films is reported, which have sufficient physical and chemical properties to be used as substrates for the construction of transient electronics. The composite structure can be used as a means to control the dissolution and transiency rate of the polymer composite film. Experimental and computational studies demonstrate that the addition of gelatin or sucrose to a PVA polymer matrix can be used as a means to program and either slow or enhance the transiency of the composite. The dissolution of the polymer composites are fitted with inverse exponential functions of different time constants; the lower time constants are an indication of faster transiency of the polymer composite. The addition of gelatin results in larger time constants, whereas the addition of sucrose generally results in smaller time constants.     

Intracellularly Degradable Hydrogen‐Bonded Polymer Capsules

The assembly of low‐fouling polymer capsules with redox‐responsive behavior and intracellular degradability is reported. Thiol‐containing poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PEtOxMA_SH) brushes are synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of oligo(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline)methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and subsequent ring‐opening reaction of the GMA. Sequential deposition of PEtOxMA_SH/poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) multilayers onto silica (SiO₂) particle templates and crosslinking through disulfide formation yield stable capsules after the removal of the SiO₂ templates by buffered hydrofluoric acid (HF). The redox‐responsive nature of the disulfide crosslinking groups enables the degradation of these capsules under simulated intracellular conditions at pH 5.9 and 5 mm glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, capsule degradation is observed after incubation with dendritic (JAWS II) cells. Even at high capsule‐to‐cell ratios, PEtOxMA_SH capsules show only negligible cytotoxicity. Quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) studies, using 100% human serum, reveal that films prepared from PEtOxMA_SH exhibit low‐fouling properties. The degradation and low‐fouling properties are promising for application of PEtOxMA_SH films/capsules for the delivery and triggered release of therapeutics.     

SrFe0.6Co0.4O3催化降解孔雀石绿的研究

具有复杂分子结构的三苯甲烷类染料孔雀石绿是一种典型的较难降解染料,是工业废水处理的难点之一。本文根据Goldschmidt半径容差规则法,设计了用于孔雀石绿降解的ABO₃型SrFe_(1-x)Co_xO₃催化剂,并选择出活性较高的SrFe_0.6Co_0.4O₃催化剂。通过XRD、SEM、BET吸附及XPS分析表明:该催化剂是纯净钙钛矿结构,颗粒形貌为无规则堆叠的“蜂窝”片状;吸附等温线没有明显的回滞环,说明没有“墨水瓶”类孔结构;XPS谱中,B位离子同时存在Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺和Co²⁺/Co³⁺ 4种价态离子,且反应前后,4种离子的分布比例有较大变化。根据实验结果,推测该催化反应机理为:催化剂B位Co³⁺与溶解氧形成活性氧[O₂]⁺和Co²⁺;活性氧[O₂]⁺完成氧化反应后其正电荷转移到B位Fe²⁺上形成Fe³⁺,Fe³⁺的正电荷可再转移到Co²⁺形成Co³⁺,完成催化过程的电荷转移与循环。     

H2O2预处理联合生物厌氧降解对烟煤孔隙的影响

为研究H₂O₂预处理联合生物降解对煤孔隙的影响,利用浓度为0.05%H₂O₂对烟煤进行预处理,采用煤层气产出水富集获得的高效菌群进行厌氧降解煤产甲烷实验,通过气相色谱仪检测甲烷含量,通过低温液氮吸附对煤孔隙发育变化进行表征。结果表明:利用H₂O₂预处理烟煤显著提高了生物甲烷产量;预处理对煤孔隙类型没有显著影响,但残煤的吸附量减少,有利于原位煤层气的抽采;经预处理后,煤样的微孔和中孔孔容增加,而过渡孔孔容降低。经生物降解后,残煤的总孔容和比表面积均显著降低,可能是微生物代谢产生的可溶有机质滞留积累在煤中,从而堵塞了煤孔隙所导致。     

准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷周缘中、浅层天然气地球化学特征及成因

沙湾凹陷周缘天然气混源现象普遍,前期缺少对地区的整体研究,制约了研究区天然气成藏研究。为此,系统开展了天然气地球化学特征分析,结合烃源岩热模拟技术,明确研究区中、浅层天然气的成因。研究显示,沙湾凹陷周缘中、浅层天然气以甲烷为主,干燥系数分布在0.73～1.00,δ¹³C₁值分布在-56.0 ‰～-31.5 ‰,反映研究区成熟与高-过成熟天然气共存;δ¹³C₂值分布在-30.4 ‰～-22.8 ‰,反映研究区煤型气、油型气和混合型气均有分布。结合烃源岩热解气碳同位素特征,认为研究区天然气具有4种成因类型：Ⅰ类天然气来源于佳木河组烃源岩,主要分布在红车断裂带中段白垩系,具有极重的δ¹³C₂值,大于-25.5 ‰,C₇轻烃中甲基环己烷含量大于50 %;Ⅱ类天然气分布少,主要为原油降解次生生物气,具有异常偏负δ¹³C₁值和极高的干燥系数;Ⅲ类天然气来源于下乌尔禾组烃源岩,主要分布在小拐地区及红车断裂带南段侏罗系,δ¹³C₂值分布在-27.9 ‰～-26.4 ‰,具有混合型烃源岩特征;Ⅳ类天然气为下乌尔禾组烃源岩与风城组烃源岩混源,主要分布在红车断裂带南段、北段及金龙地区,以下乌尔禾组来源为主的天然气δ¹³C₂值大于-29 ‰,以风城组来源为主的天然气δ¹³C₂值小于-29 ‰。     

Alcalase蛋白酶酶解高温豆粕制备水溶性大豆多肽

以氮溶指数为指标,应用Alcalase蛋白酶酶促降解高温豆粕,以获得高得率的水溶性大豆肽。酶促降解的优化实验结果表明:在加酶量1750U/g、底物浓度4%（w/w）、温度60℃、pH9.0的条件下酶促降解3h所得到的水解产物其氮溶指数达到了62.97%,比水解前提高了47.87%;酶解前后大豆蛋白的SDS-PAGE图谱表明:Alcalase蛋白酶可以催化大豆蛋白迅速地降解,水解1h后,7S蛋白的α-亚基,α’-亚基,β-亚基以及11S的酸性亚基已经完全消失,水解3h后,11S的碱性亚基也基本消失,且大多数的肽类分子量在20ku以下;与以大豆分离蛋白为原料制备的多肽相比,以高温豆粕为原料制备的多肽苦味值较低。