Transport and energy in developing countries

The author examines the transport energy consumption of developing countries and compares it with that of developed countries. These figures are found to suggest considerable scope for transport energy savings. Given the need for improved energy efficiency, the author moves on to consider transport in the context of the wider economy. Four broad policy approaches which can affect transport energy consumption are identified — information and training programmes, subsidies; pricing and tax policies; and administrative regulations. The author's primary conclusion is that the energy price changes of the last decade do not hold revolutionary implications for the transport sector. There remains, however, a need to improve efficiency in this sector.     

Heat loss and thermoelectric generator design

With the object of evaluating its importance to thermoelectric generator design, heat loss is introduced into the standard thermoelectric generator design theory. The theory for both the constant hot and cold junction temperatures model and the constant heat input model are so modified. The modification is first order and, therefore, is limited to small leg heat-transfer coefficients. Numerical results using representative properties show that significant differences can exist between the optimum geometry and performance of a generator idealized as lossless and those of a generator designed by the modified theory. The largest differences occur with the constant heat input model.     

Balancing energy and environment: The effect and perspective of management instruments in China

The rapid growth of Chinese economy has tremendously stimulated the expansion of energy consumption. The structure of energy consumption in China is featured with the coal domination. Air pollution is becoming increasingly severe. As a result, we are confronted with the extremely arduous task to balance energy consumption and environmental protection. In order to coordinate the relationship between energy consumption and environmental protection in a strategic way, this paper analyzes comprehensively the instruments, effects and perspectives of energy-related environmental management. Meanwhile, this paper illustrates the barriers and challenges facing the energy and energy-related environmental management in China, and suggests a priority strategy of management instrument, mainly composed of energy-saving, optimization of energy structure, promulgation of environmental standards, advance in environmental technologies, internalization of environmental costs, establishment of a public benefit fund and adoption of a Renewable Portfolio System.     

相干光被粗糙表面散射后衍射谱的分布探讨

利用傅立叶光学的基本原理，对相干光波被粗糙表面散射后衍射谱的分布进行探讨。     

雷弹射击效力的研究

雷弹是一种对付装甲目标群的新弹种,具有雷和弹的双重性能.用火炮或火箭炮发射雷弹时,评定其射击效力的方法目前是用计算机模拟,该文通过分析和推导,得出了评定雷弹射击效力的解析式.     

全面建设小康社会进程中黄河流域水资源利用效率时空演变分析

提升水资源利用效率,减轻水资源短缺对经济社会发展产生的约束,是实现水资源与经济社会和谐发展的有力支撑。尝试将DEA视窗分析方法应用于水资源利用效率研究,结合超效率DEA模型,探究黄河流域九省区在全面小康社会建设进程中水资源利用效率时空演变特征,在此基础上,通过Malmquist指数分解效率变动的内在原因,并引用空间匹配度计算方法,研究水资源利用效率与全面小康相对水平匹配程度。研究发现:九省区2012—2018年水资源利用效率总体呈增加趋势,水资源利用水平具有显著空间差异性;九省区水资源利用效率的提升主要得益于技术进步TC,制约水资源利用效率提升的主要因素是综合技术效率EC;水资源利用效率与全面小康相对水平的匹配程度呈现出较强的地区差异,部分省区两者动态协同性较差,其中,宁夏需要同时提升水资源利用水平和经济社会发展水平,陕西需要提升水资源利用水平,内蒙古需要提升经济社会发展水平。     

基于多维产出ZSG-DEA模型的中国水资源污染综合分配效率测算

利用考虑多维产出的零和收益-数据包络分析(ZSG-DEA)模型测算2000—2017年中国大陆31个省级行政区(以下简称省)在水资源污染排放总量固定下的污染综合分配效率及生产、生活与生态3个维度的产出效率,并基于效率最大化原则对2017年各省污染排放额度进行调整。结果表明:31个省污染综合分配效率的平均值由2000年的0.322上升至2017年的0.364,生产维度产出效率是拉动污染综合分配效率提升的主要动力;2000—2017年31个省污染综合分配效率的平均值为0.341,生态产出过量与生活维度产出不足导致污染综合分配效率处于较低水平;污染综合分配效率、生态维度产出效率与生活维度产出效率受经济发展水平影响较小,而生产维度产出效率受经济发展水平影响较大;污染综合分配效率分布由大到小为东部、西部、中部,生产维度产出效率分布由大到小为东部、中部、西部,生态维度产出效率分布由大到小为西部、中部、东部,生活维度产出效率分布由大到小为西部、东部、中部;各省污染排放调整额度与污染综合分配效率呈正相关关系,北京、天津、上海、浙江、青海与西藏等20个效率较高的省可增加污染排放额度,河北、安徽、河南、江西与湖北等11个效率较低的省需降低污染排放额度。     

Improvement of rainwater infiltration and storage capacity by an enhanced seepage well: From laboratory investigation to HYDRUS-2D numerical analysis

Seepage well is an emerging Low Impact Development (LID) technology that can effectively control the storm runoff. However, its rainwater infiltration rate and storage capacity still require further enhancement. By setting a horizontal infiltration structure at the bottom of conventional rainwater seepage well (CSW), an enhanced seepage well (ESW) was proposed in this study, and its infiltration performances compared with the permeable pavement (PP) and the CSW were systemically investigated using static infiltration experiment and HYDRUS-2D simulation. The results showed that the infiltration efficiency of ESW was significantly higher than that of PP and CSW, and the process of water infiltrated through soil mainly controlled the macroscopic infiltration rate. The Nash-Sutcliff Efficient (NSE) index was used to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the HYDRUS-2D model, and the results of NSE values greater than 0.75 (varied between 0.75 and 0.91) confirmed the applicability of HYDRUS-2D to describe correctly the hydraulic behavior of the ESW system. Simulation infiltration tests showed that the ESW performed a higher average infiltration rate and fewer total runoff volume than the CSW, indicating the effectively enhancement of the infiltration and water retention capacity of ESW, especially under heavy rainfall intensities. Additionally, the ESW system exhibited an excellent runoff-control and rainwater retention capacity in an actual rainfall scenario.     

Investigation of fusion reactions in palladium and titanium tritide using galvanostatic,coulometric, and hydrogen permeation techniques

We describe several electrochemical methods used to investigate the possibility of cold fusion phenomena in palladium and titanium tritide cathodes. We performed long-term (up to 77 days) electrolysis experiments with electrochemical cells of the University of Utah type at current densities as high as 1 A/cm², while monitoring neutron and tritium levels. With some cells, we pulsed the current to determine if neutron bursts would result. In another cell, we used titanium tritide as the cathode to determine if D-T reactions yielding neutrons would occur. In no instance were levels of neutrons or tritium significantly above background except in the titanium tritide cell where isotopic exchange, occcurring between the electrode and the electrolyte, resulted in significant tritium levels. We also combined x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical hydrogen permeation experiments to determine the effectiveness of various Pd surface treatment procedures on the resultant electrochemical hydrogen absorption efficiency. Electroanalytical and thermal desorption/gas analysis techniques indicated the maximum loading of H in Pd was to a ratio of HPd=0.8.     

Visual recognition efficiency of handheld infrared thermometer interface information under low ambient illuminance

One of the symptoms of plagues, epidemics or pandemics is often a fever, so during such unprecedented times, handheld infrared thermometers are vital devices for monitoring symptomatic individuals. It is therefore very important to enhance reading efficiency when these thermometers are used for lengthy periods of time in a low illuminance environment. The need for the efficient reading of infrared thermometers or a fast reaction time when reading the information is even more relevant now during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, a target search experiment of digital characters is carried out through a simulated interface and use scenarios of a handheld thermometer based on three variables: the inclination angle or slant of the seven segment display characters, screen brightness, and ambient illuminance. The experimental results show that the inclination angle or slant of the characters and ambient illuminance have a significant effect on the reaction speed. In general, the slowest reaction time is found when reading characters with a slant of 10° to the left and the reaction time is the fastest with a right slant of 20°. A continued reduction in ambient illuminance does not affect the visual recognition performance but instead further enhances reading efficiency. Increasing the screen brightness increases the reaction time more in relatively low ambient illuminance conditions as opposed to relatively high ambient illuminance, which implies that in higher ambient illuminance conditions, a brighter screen needs to be used to obtain the same reaction speed as that in lower ambient illuminance conditions.