新建窖池生产浓香型大曲酒质量的稳定和提高

新建窖池生产浓香型大曲酒保持质量的稳定和提高,关键技术有（1）培养微生物环境。（2）因地制宜培养好优质老窖泥。（3）建窖窖形等设计合理操作方便。（4）把好养窖及生产工艺关。     

A conceptual design of solar boiler

State-of-the-art concepts for solar thermal power systems are based on parabolic trough, tower or parabolic disks either heating molten salts, mineral oil, air or generating steam. We propose in this paper, a conceptual design of a solar boiler. This concept comes from the conventional thermal power plants boiler, with the difference that the heat comes from mirrors that concentrate the solar radiation on wall-type array of solar collectors, instead of coming from fuel flames and hot gases. In our preliminary performance, analysis of this innovative solar boiler applied to electricity production, we have found that overall efficiency of the conversion from direct solar irradiation energy to electricity is above 20%, which is comparable to the value of parabolic trough and central tower technologies. Besides that, the concept seems very robust and could overcome some drawbacks derived from pressure losses, control complexity and material thermo-mechanical stress.     

Overview of Concentrated Solar Power

CSP （concentrated solar power） has been viewed as the technology that if properly developed could lead to a large scale conversion of solar energy into electricity. CSP is a type of solar energy converter that is classified as thermal converter because the output power produced is a function of the operating temperature. The main components of a CSP plant are the solar field which is made up of the heliostat arrays, the receiver tower, the heat transfer fluid, the molten salt thermal energy storage tanks and the power conversion unit, which is made up of the turbine and the generator. The main advantage of CSP is that of a cheap thermal storage （i.e., molten salt storage） which makes it possible to dispatch power at a cost comparable to the grid electricity. Simulations run with the SAM （systems advisory model） developed by NREL （National Renewable Energy Laboratory） showed that CSP is capable of delivering electricity at the cost of 17UScents per kWh for the 30-year life of the plant. The main disadvantage of CSP however, is that of low efficiency （8%-16%）. There are ongoing research works to improve the efficiency of the CSP. One way to improve the efficiency is to increase the operating temperature of the system. In this paper, the authors discussed different modules of the CSP plant and suggested ways to improve on the conversion efficiencies of individual modules. Finally, an overall systems performance simulation is carried using SAM and the simulation results show that electricity can be produced using CSP at the cost of RI.05 per kWh.     

Similarity and generalized analysis of efficiencies of thermal energy storage systems

This paper examined the features of three typical thermal storage systems including: 1) direct storage of heat transfer fluid in containers, 2) storage of thermal energy in a packed bed of solid filler material, with energy being carried in/out by a flowing heat transfer fluid which directly contacts the packed bed, and 3) a system in which heat transfer fluid flows through tubes that are imbedded into a thermal storage material which may be solid, liquid, or a mixture of the two. The similarity of the three types of thermal storage systems was discussed, and generalized energy storage governing equations were introduced in both dimensional and dimensionless forms. The temperatures of the heat transfer fluid during energy charge and discharge processes and the overall energy storage efficiencies were studied through solution of the energy storage governing equations. Finally, provided in the paper are a series of generalized charts bearing curves for energy storage effectiveness against four dimensionless parameters grouped up from many of the thermal storage system properties including dimensions, fluid and thermal storage material properties, as well as the operational conditions including mass flow rate of the fluid, and the ratio of energy charge and discharge time periods. Engineers can conveniently look up the charts to design and calibrate the size of thermal storage tanks and operational conditions without doing complicated individual modeling and computations. It is expected that the charts will serve as standard tools for thermal storage system design and calibration.     

Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production with concentrated natural seawater produced by membrane process

Water shortages are anticipated to occur all over the world and are likely to have a significant effect on the availability of water for processes such as photocatalysis and electrolysis, as well as for drinking and industrial water. To overcome this problem, it has been suggested that seawater could be used as an alternative resource for the various water industries, such as hydrogen production, industrial and drinking water. Seawater contains a large amount of dissolved ion components, thus allowing it to be utilized as an electrolyte in photoelectrochemical system for producing hydrogen. Especially, the concentrated shows higher salinity (total dissolved solids, TDS) than the general seawater fed to the membrane process, because the permeate has a lower salinity and the retentate is more concentrated than the original seawater. For these reasons, the hydrogen evolution rate was investigated in a photoelectrochemical system, including anodized tubular TiO₂ and platinum as the photoanode and cathode, an external bias (solar cell) and the use of various types of seawater prepared by the nanofiltration membrane process as the electrolyte in the photoelectrochemical system.The results showed that the rate of hydrogen evolution obtained using the relatively tight nanofiltration membrane, NF90, operated at 20 MPa in the photoelectrochemical system is ca. 270 μmol/cm² h, showing that the retentate with a higher TDS than the general TDS of seawater acts as a more effective seawater electrolyte for hydrogen production.     

Constructal method to optimize solar thermochemical reactor design

The objective of this study is the geometrical optimization of a thermochemical reactor, which works simultaneously as solar collector and reactor. The heat (concentrated solar radiation) is supplied on a small peripheral surface and has to be dispersed in the entire reactive volume in order to activate the reaction all over the material. A similarity between this study and the point to volume problem analyzed by the constructal approach (Bejan, 2000) is evident. This approach was successfully applied to several domains, for example for the coupled mass and conductive heat transfer (Azoumah et al., 2004). Focusing on solar reactors, this work aims to apply constructal analysis to coupled conductive and radiative heat transfer. As a first step, the chemical reaction is represented by a uniform heat sink inside the material. The objective is to optimize the reactor geometry in order to maximize its efficiency. By using some hypothesis, a simplified solution is found. A parametric study provides the influence of different technical and operating parameters on the maximal efficiency and on the optimal shape. Different reactor designs (filled cylinder, cavity and honeycomb reactors) are compared, in order to determine the most efficient structure according to the operating conditions. Finally, these results are compared with a CFD model in order to validate the assumptions.     

Innovative configuration of a hybrid nuclear-parabolic trough solar power plant

This paper proposes a combination of a nuclear and a concentrated solar power (CSP) plant. Most of today’s operating nuclear reactor systems are producing saturated steam at relatively low pressure. This, in turn, limits their thermodynamic efficiency. Superheating of nuclear steam with solar thermal energy has the potential to overcome this drawback. An innovative configuration of a hybrid nuclear-CSP plant is assembled and simulated. It brings together a small pressurised water reactor and a parabolic trough solar field. The solar heat is transferred to nuclear steam to raise its temperature. Continuous superheating is provided through molten salts-based thermal energy storage (TES). The results from design point calculations show that solar superheating has the potential to increase nuclear plant electric efficiency significantly. Solar heat to electricity conversion efficiency defined as the ratio of extra generated power to collected solar energy reaches unprecedented rates of 52%. An off-design model was used to simulate 24-h operation for one year by simulating 8760 cases. Due to TES non-stop operation is manageable.     

HACCP在浓缩苹果清汁生产中的应用

本文运用HACCP 原理对浓缩苹果清汁生产过程进行了危害分析及关键控制,确定了其关键控制点为:原料果和无菌包装材料的验收、原料果拣选、后巴氏杀菌和无菌灌装。通过对关键控制点的监控确保苹果清汁的质量。