30Cr1Mo1V转子钢蠕变-疲劳交互作用的实验研究

对30Cr1Mo1V转子钢进行了应变保持的蠕变一疲劳交互作用试验，试验温度为540℃和565℃，应变幅为0．6％～1．2％，拉压对称梯形波，保持时间为10s，20s，60s。对该材料蠕变-疲劳交互作用下的应力松弛现象及应变-寿命规律进行了研究。实验结果表明，随着控制应变幅的增加，第1、3阶段比例均呈增加趋势，第2阶段的比例呈现减小趋势：以应力下降比率作为参考变量，在整个寿命周期内，拉应力松弛与压应力松弛基本一致，应力下降比率基本相同。给出了基于应变范围划分法和基于频率修正的Coffin-Manson公式的寿命方程。从实验结果来看，将30Cr1Mo1V转子钢的使用温度提高到565℃是可行的。     

Elevated temperature deformation behavior in an AZ31 magnesium alloy

An AZ31 magnesium alloy was tested at constant temperatures ranging from 423 to 473 K (0.46 to 0.51T _m ) under constant stresses. All of the creep curves exhibited two types depending on stress levels. At low stress (σ/G<4×10⁻³), the creep curve was typical of class A (Alloy type) behavior. However, at high stresses (σ/G>4×10⁻³), the creep curve was typical of class M (Metal type) behavior. At low stress level, the stress exponent for the steady-state creep rate was of 3.5 and the true activation energy for creep was 101 kJ/mole which is close to that for solute diffusion. It indicates that the dominant deformation mechanism was glide-controlled dislocation creep. At low stress level wheren=3.5, the present results are in good agreement with the prediction of Fridel model.     

Experimental and finite element studies on hot sizing process for L-shaped composite beams

This work aims at developing a hot sizing process on composite materials to correct the profiles of composite structures during manufacture. Hot sizing experiments were carried out at 150 °C with different sizing loads and hot sizing periods for L-shaped composite beams made of carbon fiber plain-weave fabric and epoxy resin. To predict the springback in hot sizing process, a corresponding finite element simulation method was developed using stress relaxation equations determined at the same temperature. Excellent agreements between the predicted and observed results were obtained. The effects of the component thickness and 45° ply percentage on the springback rate were investigated by simulation. Springback rate in hot sizing process on composite materials ranges from 60% to 95%. In conclusion hot sizing process is proved to be a valid method for compensation for the process-induced deformation (PID) of L-shaped composite beams.     

Cross-linked nanocomposite hydrogels based on cellulose nanocrystals and PVA: Mechanical properties and creep recovery

Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels with a water content of ∼92% were successfully prepared with glutaraldehyde (GA) as a cross-linker. The effects of the CNC content on the thermal stability, swelling ratio and mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the cross-linked hydrogels were investigated. The compressive strength at 60% strain for the hydrogels with 1 wt% CNCs increased by 303%, from 17.5 kPa to 53 kPa. The creep results showed that the addition of CNCs decreased the creep elasticity due to molecular chain restriction. The almost complete strain recovery (∼97%) after fixed load removal for 15 min was observed from the hydrogels with CNCs, compared with 92% strain recovery of the neat cross-linked PVA hydrogels. The incorporation of CNCs did not affect the swelling ratio and thermal stability of the hydrogels. These results suggest the cross-linked CNC-PVA hydrogels have potential for use in biomedical and tissue engineering applications.     

Anomalous creep behaviour of 316 stainless steel at 550°C

The results offifteen constant-load creep tests at 550°C, with nominal stresses in the range 200 to 360 MPa and with test durations ofup to 14 000 h, are presented. The usual primary, secondary and tertiary creep behaviour was exhibited for nominal stresses greater than about 330 MPa. At lower stresses, ‘renewed’ primary and secondary creep regions were observed. The renewed secondary creep strain rates were found to be about an order of magnitude greater than the initial secondary creep strain rates. The results indicate that the occurrence ofthe renewed primary and secondary creep regions is associated with time-dependent exposure to a temperature of 550°C. The presence or magnitude of the prior stress level does not appear to have any significant effect.

The results are relevant to design procedures because extrapolation of short duration or high stress data to long-term design lifetimes is often required. Unless the possibility ofthe occurrence ofrenewed primary and secondary creep is taken into account, gross errors in strain predictions could occur.     

Reliability analysis of geogrid creep data in Japan

The data collected by creep testing carried out in conformity with current Japanese practice and reported in Public Works Research Center product certification reports are interpreted in order to identify and discuss differences between current Japanese practice and European and US practices. A database of 66 different geogrid products from 10 different manufacturers was reviewed comprising of 362 different constant load creep tests. An important outcome from the analysis of the creep test data collected to date is a strong case for the adoption of elevated temperature testing in order to eliminate the excessively long extrapolation times required to compute creep strength reduction factors.     

Long-term performance predictions in ground improvements with vacuum assisted Prefabricated Vertical Drains

Investigation into time dependent long-term performance of Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVDs) combined with vacuum consolidation in thick deposits of clay has been extremely limited. Predicting both settlements and excess pore pressures in such cases has become increasingly challenging when time duration is long-term, e.g. several years. In discussing such matter, finding a suitable model to predict the long-term performance is inevitable. Elasto-plastic analysis models such as Cam-Clay cannot predict long-term time-dependent deformational behaviour in soft soils. In this technical note, a Biot type fully-coupled creep-based elastic viscoplastic (EVP) finite element (FE) numerical model has been extended for application in vacuum consolidation. The vacuum consolidation section of the embankment constructed in Ballina, New South Wales, Australia (hereafter referred as Ballina embankment), is analysed using the model through a unit cell analysis and the numerical predictions are compared with field performance monitoring data up to 1200 days (>3 years). The proposed analysis method for PVD combined with vacuum consolidation involving an EVP model is found to be capable of predicting both short-term and long-term deformational behaviours. Predictions are improved when an exponential function is used for the secondary compression index in the EVP model. Comparison has also been carried out at another location in the embankment where the foundation clay thickness was different to check the precision of the methodology and for better understanding of ground settlement behaviour. Details of the analysis methodology and its validation against field performance data are presented in this note.     

Influence of zirconium content on microstructure and creep properties of Mo–9Si–8B alloys

Mo–Si–B alloys with a molybdenum solid solution accompanied by two intermetallic phases and Mo₅SiB₂ are a prominent example for a potential new high temperature structural material. In this study the influence of 1, 2 and 4 at.% zirconium on microstructure and creep properties of Mo–9Si–8B (at.%) alloys produced by spark plasma sintering is investigated. Creep experiments have been carried out at temperatures of 1100 °C up to 1250 °C in vacuum. The samples exhibit sub-micron grain sizes as small as 450 nm due to the chosen production route. With addition of 1 at.% zirconium, formation of SiO₂ on the grain boundaries can be prevented, thereby enhancing grain boundary strength and creep properties significantly. Moreover ZrO₂ particles also enhance creep resistance of the molybdenum solid solution. Creep deformation is a combination of dislocation creep in the grains including dislocation-particle interaction and grain boundary sliding leading to intergranular fracture surfaces. It is promising to use grain size adjustments in order to balance the creep and oxidation resistance of the investigated material.     

Study on time-dependent behavior and stability assessment of deep-buried tunnels based on internal state variable theory

The creep model based on thermodynamics with internal state variables theory can simulate complex time-dependent deformation of rock mass, describe process of energy dissipation of material system, and can be used to evaluate the long-term stability of underground structures quantitatively. In this paper, the creep model proposed by author is improved further and recast to be central difference equation. The redevelopment interface of FLAC^3D is used to develop a new calculation program, which is based on thermodynamics for vsico-plasticity (PTV-P). Program validation has been conducted by comparing the results from FLAC^3D and Matlab software under uniaxial compression condition. Then the developed program has been applied to analyze the time-dependent behavior of deep-buried double tunnels. The integral values of energy dissipation rate and its time derivative in domain can be calculated and are used to evaluate the long-term stability of tunnels quantitatively, and the evaluation criterion is also proposed. Moreover, the contour map of energy dissipation rate is used to exhibits the local non-equilibrium region clearly.     

Effects of microstructure and C and Si additions on elevated temperature creep and fatigue of gamma TiAl alloys

The creep properties of K5 (Ti-46Al-3Nb-2Cr-0.2W) based alloys were analyzed in wrought processed microstructure forms. The brittle–ductile-transition-temperature (BDTT) depends distinctly on microstructure as well as strain rate, with the minimum value for each microstructure achieved at ∼10⁻⁶/s being about 680 °C and 780 °C, respectively. The greatest creep resistance is achieved in coarse-grained fully lamellar (FL) material and is related to the strong anisotropy of lath structure, large grain size and consequently high BDTT. Additional significant resistance improvement is realized with additions or increases of refractory elements (Nb or W) and decrease in Al content. The most remarkable improvements in primary as well as the minimum creep resistance are realized when small amounts of C or C + Si are added to generate incoherent (to gamma) carbide and silicide particles along γ/γ_T interfaces. The significance of primary creep is assessed for controlling subsequent creep behavior and discussed for its crucial role in satisfying the stringent design creep requirements for advanced rotational components. The accelerated or tertiary creep is used to explain the high temperature (870 °C) high cycle fatigue deformation that exhibits two-stage SN curves with the rapidly softening second stage.